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Pharmacology > Introduction and Routes > Flashcards

Introduction and Routes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a drug?

A

substance used in the treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of disease

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2
Q

What is also known as A.D.M.E.?

A

Pharmacokinetics

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3
Q

What does A.D.M.E. stand for?

A

Absorption
distribution
metabolization
elimination

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4
Q

How can a drug be distributed from from systemic circulation?

A

site of action, elimination processes, biotransformation, excretion, tissue reservoirs

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5
Q

Dose of drugs in solution written most commonly as

A

percent weight-to-volume (%w/v)

%w/w in Europe, %v/v drugs liquid at room temp

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6
Q

The ______ by which a drug is administered can affect 1+ aspects of the drugs action.

A

route

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7
Q

When must a drug be labeled for Over the Counter use?

A

When adequate directions can be written for lay use

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8
Q

Which drugs/products are approved for use in animal feed?

A

Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD)

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9
Q

Prohibited from any extra-label use

A

VFD products

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10
Q

How does in inclusion of epinephrine in the formulation of Lidocaine (local anesthetic) affect its action?

A

constricts blood vessels so the drugs stays local longer.

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11
Q

Parental

A

outside the GI tract

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12
Q

most absorption of drugs given p.o. occurs in the

A

small intestine (lower GI)

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13
Q

drugs given ____ usually have a wide margin of safety

A

P.O.

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14
Q

p.o. drugs must survive _____

A

the acidic environment of the stomach

& permeate GI mucosa and pass hepatic circulation

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15
Q

slower onset of action, bioavailability influenced by meals, intestinal infections or liver disease.

A

po drugs

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16
Q

in general have lower bioavailability, and requires larger doses

A

po

17
Q

non-invasive ->may be reversible

A

po

18
Q

Good characteristics of drugs to give orally

A

low molecular weight
acid resistant
lipid soluble
resistant to liver metabolism

19
Q

advantages of oral drugs

A

easy (good owner compliance)
non-invasive (low risk sepsis)
May be Reversible

20
Q

limitations of oral drug administration

A

delayed, variable onset of drug effect
influenced by GI motility
GI irritation
incompatible with vomiting, diarrhea, fractious animals

21
Q

general complications from injections

A

irritation
inflammation
allergic rxn
nerve damage

22
Q

SC/Subdermal injection is suitable for ______ formulations

A

solutions
suspensions
solid formulations

23
Q

good qualities of drugs for SC injection? (will inc. its bioavailability)

A

small, lipophilic, uncharged

24
Q

inappropriate for IV injection due to risk of forming an embolism

A

Drug suspensions

25
Q

SC injections are more affected by _____ than IM

A

ambient temperature (affects blow flow)

26
Q

For SC injections use a _____ gauge needle, ______ inches long

A

18 or 20 gauge needle

1-1.5 in. long

27
Q

unsuitable for irritants (drugs in oily vehicles cause irritation)

A

SC

28
Q

formulation in which a drug is combined with a vehicle (penetration enhancer) that promotes drug passage through intact skin

A

Transdermal drug delivery

29
Q

advantages of TDDS

A

constant delivery rate
easy for owners
avoids disadvantages of other routes

30
Q

not really used in animals because of the unknowns

A

TDDS

31
Q

rich blood supply so rapid absorption

A

IM

32
Q

better route for irritants (and oily vehicles) vs. SC

A

IM, IV preferred (but not for oily!)

33
Q

best muscles for IM in a dog (avoid the?)
cat?
horse?

A

thigh, hamstring (sciatic n.)
quads, dorsal lumbar m.
base neck, semitendinosus m.

34
Q

Only use ______ IV

A

sterile particulate free solutions

35
Q

preferred route for large volume infusions

A

IV

36
Q

allows precise control of plasma drug level (can titrate, can use drugs with very low therapeutic index)

A

IV

37
Q

increased risk of _________ with IV injections

A

adverse (or intensified) effects

38
Q

irreversible

A

IV

Pharmacology (20 decks)

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