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Pharmacology > Anti-Epileptics/Respiratory Stimulants > Flashcards

Anti-Epileptics/Respiratory Stimulants Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up 10% of seizure causes in dogs?

A

Extracranial disorders

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2
Q

What extracranial disorders can cause seizures?

A 
Electrolyte imbalances
Liver disease
Renal failure
Toxins/ drugs
Hypothyroidism (rare)
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3
Q

What makes up 90% of seizure causes in dogs?

A

CNS Disorders

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4
Q

Name the 2 types of CNS disorders that cause seizures

A 
Primary epilepsies (idiopathic)
Secondary epilepsies (organic brain disease - tumors, infections, trauma)
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5
Q

T/F Epilepsy is a life-long disorder

A

TRue

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6
Q

What is a seizure

A

clinical manifestation and/or hypersynchronous neuronal discharges in the brain

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7
Q

How do seizures present clinically

(probably dont need to know

A 
episodic impairment or loss of conciousness accompanied by :
motor abnormalities (convulsions)
sensory disturbances (flashes of light)
autonomic signs (urination/ defecation, salivation/vomiting)
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8
Q

What is epilepsy

A

2 or more seizures at least 24 hr apart resulting from a nontoxice/ nonmetabolic cause

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9
Q

What are clusters

A

continous seizure activity lasting longer than 30 min

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10
Q

2 general mechanisms of anti-epileptic agents

A

suppress neuronal firing in the epileptiform foci

inhibit spread of seizure into normal tissue

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11
Q

What are some shortcomings of AED’s?

A

Some animals become refractory to AED’s
lots of side effects
tolerance
loss of efficacy over time

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12
Q

When is an AED considered effective

A

when there is > 50% reduction in number of seizures during a given time frame

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13
Q

What are the goals of AED’s

A

reduce seizure frequency and severity

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14
Q

What is Diazepam’s method of action

A

activates GABA-A Cl channels which inhibits depolarization and neuronal firing

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15
Q

What is one great thing about diazepam

A

can be given rectally in an emergency if animal is seizuring

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16
Q

What is one bad thing about diazepam

A

animals develop tolerance after 1 wk of PO TID

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17
Q

What does Diazepam cause in cats

A

Idiosyncratic hepatic necrosis

18
Q

Phenobarbital

A

acidic, long acting barbituate
classified as sedative agent
moderately protein bound

19
Q

T/F Initial phenobarb dose required to treat seizures is greater than dose that causes sedation

A

True

20
Q

How is the sedative effect of Phenobarb overcome

A

tolerance to sedative effect occurs within 10-14 days

21
Q

What blood level increases with phenobarbital

A

ALP (liver enzymes)

22
Q

What are some drawbacks of phenobarbital

A
  1. Animal develop dependence to drug (severe withdrawal symptoms
  2. Increased liver enzymes cause tolerance so dose must be increased in chronic treatment
  3. can cause drug interactions
23
Q

What drug interacts with Phenobarb

A

griseofulvin

24
Q

Side effects of Phenobarb

A 
elevated liver enzymes (increase drug metabolism of many drugs)
restlessness/ irritability
PU/PD
sedation/ataxia 
decrease serum T4 with normal TSH
25
Q

What toxicity does phenobarb cause

A

Hepatotoxicity

26
Q

How often should you monitor liver enzymes and check serum chemistry

A

every 6 months

27
Q

Potassium bromide

A

Not controlled/ not FDA approved

actions diminished by increased CL- concentration

28
Q

What type of diet must animals being treated with KBr stay on

A

Low salt (chloride displaces bromide)

29
Q

What type of bromide should be used for a loading dose

A

NaBR not KBr

30
Q

Is Bromide safe for cats

A

NO!!

31
Q

What side effects do Bromide cause

A 
Psuedohyperchloremia ( because halide)
Bromism toxicity (animal looks drunk)
Fatal idiosyncratic pumonary disease in CATS!!
32
Q

Zonisamide

A

Related to sulfonamide antibiotics
metabolized by liver
Really effective and safe for CATS!!!!

33
Q

how does Levetiracetam work

A

Inhibits synaptic vesicle protein (blocks Calcium channels to prevent neurotransmitter release)

34
Q

How is levetiracetam used

A

Usually as an adjunctive treatment with Phenobarb

But also used because safe for cats and RABBITS!

35
Q

Gabapentin

A

Drug of choice for RABBITS!! not effective in dogs

36
Q

What 2 respiratory stimulants do we have to know?

A

Caffeine and Doxopram

37
Q

What part of the body does Doxopram target

A

Medullary (brainstem)

38
Q

Where does caffeine target

A

Cortical

39
Q

T/F CNS stimulants like caffeine and doxopram stimulate multiple CNS pathways

A

TRUE!!!

40
Q

What is Doxopram’s major actions

A

stimulates carotid chemoreceptors

stimulates brainstem respiratory centers

41
Q

What is Doxopram ONLY used for today

A

stimulate laryngeal function and respiration during laryngeal exam

42
Q

What is the Theophylline used for

A

bronchodilator

Pharmacology (20 decks)

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