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Pharmacology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

prophylactic Ab use

A

20-30min prior to incision (to prevent bacteria that were on the animals skin)

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2
Q

Killing pattern

A

time v. concentration dependent

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3
Q

Concentration dependent

A

concentrates in tissues, can give longer dosing intervals.
minimum concentration in SERUM to have effect… (Aminoglycosides(gentamycin&amikacin), Fluoroquinolones(enrofloxacin, Marbofloxacin), Metronidazole)

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4
Q

time dependent

A

serum concentration must stay above minimum bacteriacidal levels between dosing intervals

  • w/o persistent effects: B lactams (penicillin, cephalosporin)
  • w/ persistent effects: (Lincosamides(lincomycin), Macrolides(clindamycin, azithromycin, tylosin), Tetracyclines(oxytetraclin, doxycyclin)
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5
Q

time dependent

A

serum concentration must stay above minimum bacteriacidal levels between dosing intervals

  • w/o persistent effects: B lactams (penicillin, cephalosporin)
  • w/ persistent effects: (Lincosamides(clindamycin), Macrolides(azithromycin, tylosin), Tetracyclines(oxytetraclin, doxycyclin)
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6
Q

Beta Lactams

A

Penicillins, Cephalosporins

+,-,ana

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7
Q

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors

A

penicillin, cephalosporin, vancomycin

+,-,Ana

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8
Q

inhibition of protein synthesis (30 or 50s)

A

Chloramphenicol, tetracyclin, clindamycin

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9
Q

inhibition of protein synthesis (30s) Aminoglycosides

A

gentamycin, amikacin

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10
Q

inhibition of protein synthesis (30s) Aminoglycosides

A

gentamycin, amikacin

Aminoglycosides: G-

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11
Q

Antimetabolites

A

Trimethoprim, sulfonamides

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12
Q

Antimetabolites

A

Trimethoprim, sulfonamides

+,-

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13
Q

cystitis/UTI

A

mainly gram negative aerobes - clavamox

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14
Q

Large GI

A

E.coli and anaerobes in heavy numbers

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15
Q

Large GI

A

E.coli and anaerobes in heavy numbers

Gentamycin only good for e. coli, prefer 3rd generation cephalosporin

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16
Q

MIC

A

minimal inhibitory concentration

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17
Q

results of MIC

A

susceptible, intermediate sensitive, resistant

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18
Q

step 2 in MIC gives

A

minimal bacteriocidal concentrations

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19
Q

Metronidazole
Quinolones
tetracyclins
lyncosamides

A

Metronidazole - Ana
Quinolones - G-
tetracyclins - G+, some G-
lyncosamides - G+, Ana

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20
Q

What is the most important mechanism of bacterial resistance?

A

plasmids!

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21
Q

Food animal antibiotic use has the risk of

A

antibiotic resistant strains in the humans that eat the meat

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22
Q
  1. avoiding antibiotics for viral infections
  2. using culture/sensitivity
  3. using the correct dose/frequency/route
  4. avoiding using the newest abx
    All help to do what?
A

Slow the resistance process

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23
Q

beta lactams are all

A

bacteriocidal

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24
Q

beta-lactam drugs

A

Penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams and carabapenems

25
Q

beta-lactams are widely used in vet med because

A

broad spectrum, favorable safety profiles, clinical efficacy

26
Q

because beta-lactams are time dependent

A

they are eliminated quickly(short half life, lipophilic), need to be given more often to keep over minimum concentration needed.

27
Q

because beta-lactams are time dependent

A

they are eliminated quickly(short half life, hydrophilic), need to be given more often to keep over minimum concentration needed.

28
Q

As you go down the cephalosporin generations they become more bacteriacidal towards

A

gram negative and anaerobes

29
Q

Patient with bacterial encephalitis/meningitis, do you want to use penincillin?

A

No, will penetrate enflamed BBB and cause seizures?

30
Q

Beta-Lactams resistance, 3 mechanisms?

A
  1. production of beta-lactamase
  2. changes in structure of PBPs(MRSA) (giving plasmids to neighbors?)
  3. impenetrable membrane pores
31
Q

Penicillin drug interactions

A

limited -> diminished renal tubular secretion (phenylbutazone, sulfonamides, salicylates, barbituates)

32
Q

Penicillin drug interactions

A

limited -> diminished renal tubular secretion (phenylbutazone, sulfonamides, salicylates, barbituates) so it stays in the body longer?

33
Q

Cephalosporins

A

similar to penicillins

most are NOT protein bound

34
Q

if you’re resistant to penicillin common to be resistant to

A

chephalosporin

35
Q

second generation cephalosporin

A

loses gram positive affect (wont kill staph, pseudomonas)

don’t use first.

36
Q

Imipenem

A

used when nothing else is working, highly resistant cases(betalactamase bacteria with penicillin resistance). Use with anti-septic.

37
Q

Polypeptides (3)

A

Bacitracin, vancomycin(very uncommonly used bc big gun), polymixin
-also cell wall inhibitors, used in eye drops for conjunctivitis

38
Q

Very few agents are effective against intracellular organisms. _______ and _______ are.

A

Tetracyclin, Macrolides

39
Q

Aminoglycosides (Gentamycin, Amikacin)

A
  • concentration dependent
  • use for G- anaerobes, inhibit protein synthesis 30s
  • great for UTIs given animal doesn’t have renal failure.
40
Q

Predominant organs for aminoglycoside toxicity

A

renal cortex, inner ear

41
Q

erlichia, intracellular pathogen use

A

tetracyclines (tetracyclin, doxycycline)

42
Q

tetracyclines

A
  • bacteriostatic, inhibition protein synthesis 30s
  • food reduces absorption orally
  • caustic to esophagus (Causes stricture) if don’t follow pill with water in cats
43
Q

Macrolides

A

effective against G+, -, and intracelular organisms (ricketsia and mycoplasma)
(some make clostridium sporylate, Clindamycin)

44
Q

azithromycin

A

macrolide for respiratory disease

45
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

bacteriostatic, inhibits protein synthesis 50s

**Never use in food animals

46
Q

sulfonamides

A
  • inhibits pyrimidine, DNA synthesis
  • bacteriostatic
  • G+/-, not psuedomonas
47
Q

trimethoprim

A

potentiated agent sulfonamide

**when combined with sulfa’s become bacteriocidal b/c inhibits two sequential steps in pyrimidine synthesis

48
Q

Fluoroquinolones/quinolones

A

Enrofloxacin, Marboflaxacin

  • inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase
  • concentration dependent (but lipophilic unlike penicillin so isn’t eliminated as quick)
  • bacteriacidal
  • accumulates in Mphages -> good for pulmonary infections
  • broad spectrum for G- and aerobes
  • This is not a first abx!
49
Q

problems with quinolones

A

puppies affects chondrocytes, cats -> risk blindness

50
Q

Metronidazole

A
  • concentration dependent
  • protozoa (giardia)
  • Also is immune modulator
  • most G- anaerobes (clostridium, fusobacterium) not G+ especially large bowel rupture/septicemia
51
Q

Metronidazole pharmacokinetics

A

lipophilic, food increases bioavailability in dogs

52
Q

UTI is an _____ infection

A

G- aerobic

53
Q

adverse reactions of metronidazole

A
  • metallic taste
  • anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea
  • neuro and hepatotoxic at high doses
54
Q

Lincosamides:Clindamycin

A 
most anaerobes (strep, staph)
oropharyngeal or respiratory infections sometimes sepsis
55
Q

Bypass the BBB***

A

Chloramphenicol, doxyclcline, metronidazole, some 3rd gen cephalosporins

56
Q

Renal, Liver and biliary excretion

A

macrolides

57
Q

hepatic excretion

A

doxy, phenicols, metrinidazole

58
Q

Liver and Kidney Excretion

A

sulfas, quinolones

59
Q

Rifampin

A

tx rhodococcus in horses

Pharmacology (20 decks)

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