Introduction

Question 1

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 1

Vertical planes passing longitudinally through the body dividing the body into left and right parts.

Question 2

What is the Coronal plane?

Answer 2

Pass through the body at right angles to the sagittal plane dividing the body into front and back parts.

Question 3

What is the Axial plane?

Answer 3

Horizontal plane that divide the body into top and bottom parts.

Question 4

Describe the ipsilateral position?

Answer 4

Same side of the body

Question 5

Describe the contralateral position

Answer 5

Opposite sides of the body

Question 6

Describe the supine position

Answer 6

person is lying flat on the back

Question 7

Describe prone position

Answer 7

Lying face down

Question 8

What is a joint cavity?

Answer 8

Its a potential space which contains lubricating synovial fluid. The bones are covered by articular cartilage.

Question 9

What connects the bones in a fibrous joint?

Answer 9

They are united by a fibrous tissue with no joint cavity.

Question 10

What unites the bones in a cartilaginous joint?

Answer 10

The bones are united by cartilage.

Question 11

What unites the bones in a primary cartilaginous joint?

Answer 11

The bones are solely united by hyaline cartilage which provided some flexibility.

Question 12

Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint.

Answer 12

attachment of the ribs to the sternum

Question 13

Describe the structure of a secondary cartilaginous joint

Answer 13

The bone are covered in a layer of hyaline cartilage and then united by fibrocartilage which provides strength

Question 14

Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint.

Answer 14

Joints between the vertebral body

Question 15

What unites the bones in a synovial joint?

Answer 15

The bones are united by a joint capsule enclosing a joint cavity.

Question 16

What are the names of the 2 layers in a joint capsule of the synovial joint?

Answer 16

1. Outer fibrous layer

2. Inner serous synovial membrane

Question 17

What kind of movement is allowed with a synovial joint?

Answer 17

The joint allows free movement between the bones they join. Majority of limb joints are synovial joints.

Question 18

What are the 3 characteristics of a plane joint?

Answer 18

1. articular surfaces are flat
2. joint capsule are tight
3. sliding movement

Question 19

Give an example of a plane joint.

Answer 19

acromioclavicular joint

Question 20

What kind of movement is permitted by a hinge joint?

Answer 20

Permits flexion and extension ONLY

Question 21

Give an example of a hinge joint.

Answer 21

The elbow joint

Question 22

What are characteristics of a saddle joint?

Answer 22

1. articular surfaces are convex and concave

2. two axes of movement

Question 23

What movements are permitted by a saddle joint?

Answer 23

Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction.

Question 24

Give an example of a saddle joint?

Answer 24

Carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Question 25

What is the characteristic of a condyloid joint?

Answer 25

similar to saddle joints with 2 axes of movement but one is usually restricted.

Question 26

What movements are permitted by a condyloid joint?

Answer 26

Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction.

Question 27

Give an example of a condyloid joint.

Answer 27

metacarphophalangeal joints of fingers.

Question 28

Whats are the characteristics of a ball and socket joint?>

Answer 28

1. spherical and concave articular surfaces.

2. multiple axes of movement

Question 29

What movements are permitted by a ball and socket joint?

Answer 29

Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation.

Question 30

Give an example of a ball and socket joint.

Answer 30

The hip joint

Question 31

What movement is permitted by a pivot joint?

Answer 31

Rotation around the central axis

Question 32

Give an example of a pivot joint.

Answer 32

Atlanto-axial joint of the cervical spine

Question 33

What kind of joint is the knee joint?

Answer 33

It is a synovial hinge joint with articulation.

Question 34

What structures protect the articulating surfaces of the knee joint?

Answer 34

The medial and lateral menisci

Question 35

What are the menisci of the knee joint made up of and how do they help the function?

Answer 35

They are made up of fibrocartilage (help with shock absorption) and hyaline cartilage (allow smooth movement).

Question 36

What are the names of the long ligaments on each side of the knee joint?

Answer 36

Lateral and medial collateral ligaments.

Question 37

What are the collateral ligaments made up of?

Answer 37

Fibrous connective tissue

Question 38

What will happen to the knee joint if lateral force is applied?

Answer 38

The knee will open out at the medial angle and strain/tear the medial collateral ligament.

Question 39

What will happen to the knee joint if medial force is applied?

Answer 39

The knee will open out at the lateral angle and strain/tear the lateral collateral ligament.

Question 40

What are the names of the 2 further ligaments inside the knee joint that prevent excessive movement?

Answer 40

1. Anterior cruciate ligament

2. Posterior cruciate ligament

Question 41

What is the position of the anterior cruciate ligament?

Answer 41

It attaches to the posterior aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur and to the anterior part of the tibial plateau.

Question 42

How does the attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament aid movement?

Answer 42

It prevents excessive forward movement of the tibia in relation to the femur.

Question 43

What is the position of the posterior cruciate ligament?

Answer 43

Arises from the posterior tibial plateau and to the anterior aspects of the medial condyle of the femur.

Question 44

How does the attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament aid movement?

Answer 44

It prevents excessive movement of the femur anteriorly in relation to the tibia.