Introduction Flashcards
What is the sagittal plane?
Vertical planes passing longitudinally through the body dividing the body into left and right parts.
What is the Coronal plane?
Pass through the body at right angles to the sagittal plane dividing the body into front and back parts.
What is the Axial plane?
Horizontal plane that divide the body into top and bottom parts.
Describe the ipsilateral position?
Same side of the body
Describe the contralateral position
Opposite sides of the body
Describe the supine position
person is lying flat on the back
Describe prone position
Lying face down
What is a joint cavity?
Its a potential space which contains lubricating synovial fluid. The bones are covered by articular cartilage.
What connects the bones in a fibrous joint?
They are united by a fibrous tissue with no joint cavity.
What unites the bones in a cartilaginous joint?
The bones are united by cartilage.
What unites the bones in a primary cartilaginous joint?
The bones are solely united by hyaline cartilage which provided some flexibility.
Give an example of a primary cartilaginous joint.
attachment of the ribs to the sternum
Describe the structure of a secondary cartilaginous joint
The bone are covered in a layer of hyaline cartilage and then united by fibrocartilage which provides strength
Give an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint.
Joints between the vertebral body
What unites the bones in a synovial joint?
The bones are united by a joint capsule enclosing a joint cavity.
What are the names of the 2 layers in a joint capsule of the synovial joint?
- Outer fibrous layer
2. Inner serous synovial membrane
What kind of movement is allowed with a synovial joint?
The joint allows free movement between the bones they join. Majority of limb joints are synovial joints.
What are the 3 characteristics of a plane joint?
- articular surfaces are flat
- joint capsule are tight
- sliding movement
Give an example of a plane joint.
acromioclavicular joint
What kind of movement is permitted by a hinge joint?
Permits flexion and extension ONLY
Give an example of a hinge joint.
The elbow joint
What are characteristics of a saddle joint?
- articular surfaces are convex and concave
2. two axes of movement
What movements are permitted by a saddle joint?
Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction.
Give an example of a saddle joint?
Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
What is the characteristic of a condyloid joint?
similar to saddle joints with 2 axes of movement but one is usually restricted.
What movements are permitted by a condyloid joint?
Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction.
Give an example of a condyloid joint.
metacarphophalangeal joints of fingers.
Whats are the characteristics of a ball and socket joint?>
- spherical and concave articular surfaces.
2. multiple axes of movement
What movements are permitted by a ball and socket joint?
Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation.
Give an example of a ball and socket joint.
The hip joint
What movement is permitted by a pivot joint?
Rotation around the central axis
Give an example of a pivot joint.
Atlanto-axial joint of the cervical spine
What kind of joint is the knee joint?
It is a synovial hinge joint with articulation.
What structures protect the articulating surfaces of the knee joint?
The medial and lateral menisci
What are the menisci of the knee joint made up of and how do they help the function?
They are made up of fibrocartilage (help with shock absorption) and hyaline cartilage (allow smooth movement).
What are the names of the long ligaments on each side of the knee joint?
Lateral and medial collateral ligaments.
What are the collateral ligaments made up of?
Fibrous connective tissue
What will happen to the knee joint if lateral force is applied?
The knee will open out at the medial angle and strain/tear the medial collateral ligament.
What will happen to the knee joint if medial force is applied?
The knee will open out at the lateral angle and strain/tear the lateral collateral ligament.
What are the names of the 2 further ligaments inside the knee joint that prevent excessive movement?
- Anterior cruciate ligament
2. Posterior cruciate ligament
What is the position of the anterior cruciate ligament?
It attaches to the posterior aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur and to the anterior part of the tibial plateau.
How does the attachment of the anterior cruciate ligament aid movement?
It prevents excessive forward movement of the tibia in relation to the femur.
What is the position of the posterior cruciate ligament?
Arises from the posterior tibial plateau and to the anterior aspects of the medial condyle of the femur.
How does the attachment of the posterior cruciate ligament aid movement?
It prevents excessive movement of the femur anteriorly in relation to the tibia.
