General features of the brain & meninges

Question 1

What are the names of the 4 bones that form the upper vault of the skull?

Answer 1

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

Question 2

What are the gyri?

Answer 2

Rolls of the cerebral cortex

Question 3

What are the sulci?

Answer 3

Grooves between the gyri

Question 4

What is the central sulcus and what does it separate?

Answer 4

Its a large fissure that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Question 5

What is the longitudinal fissure?

Answer 5

Its the midline that separates the right and left hemisphere

Question 6

What is the lateral fissure and what does it seperate?

Answer 6

Its a large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe

Question 7

What is the corpus collasum?

Answer 7

Its a large bundle of white matter that connects the 2 hemispheres

Question 8

Where does the olfactory tracts lie on the underside of the brain?

Answer 8

They run along the surfce of the lobes

seen anteriorly

Question 9

Where does the optic nerves pass?

Answer 9

They pass backwards and medially

Question 10

When the optic nerve converge what do they form?

Answer 10

The optic chiasma

Question 11

What passes laterally and backwards to the optic chiasma?

Answer 11

The optic tracts

Question 12

How do the optic tracts pass?

Answer 12

Pass laterally and backwards to the optic chiasma

Question 13

What are the mamillary bodies and where do they lie?

Answer 13

2 round eminences located behind the optic chiasma

Question 14

Where does the hypothalamus lie and what does it include?

Answer 14

behind the optic chiasma and includes the mammillary bodies

Question 15

Which part of the hypothalamus is most visible when looking at the underside of the brain?

Answer 15

Diencephalon

Question 16

When When tumours form on the pituitary gland what structure can they apply pressure on? what structure can they apply pressure on?

Answer 16

The optic chiasma

Question 17

what are the clinical consequences of pressure applied on the optic chiasma due to tumours formed on the pituitary gland?

Answer 17

Bilateral hemianopia which is the loss of peripheral vision

Question 18

What are the crura cerebri and the cerebral peduncles?

Answer 18

2 large masses of white matter emerging on either side of the mamillairy bodies

Question 19

How do the crura cerebri and the cerebral peduncles lie?

Answer 19

They pass backwards and converge in the midline at the upper border of the pons

Question 20

What is the interpenduncular fossa?

Answer 20

Space between the crura roofed over by the arachnoid

Question 21

Where is the pons situated?

Answer 21

immediately behind the point where crura meet in the midline

Question 22

What does the pons form?

Answer 22

It forms a bridge of neural tissue between the midbrain and medulla oblongata

Question 23

What can the cerebellum also be referred to as?

Answer 23

The little brain

Question 24

Describe the structure of the Cerebellum?

Answer 24

It has 2 lobes on either side of the medulla and a central vermis joining the 2 hemispheres

Question 25

What are the 3 structures that make up the brain stem?

Answer 25

Midbrain pons medulla oblongata

Question 26

What are the 4 cranial nerves that are given off the medulla oblongata?

Answer 26

Glossopharangeal (CN IX) vagus CN X Hypoglossal CN XII Accessory CN XI

Question 27

What 2 centres are housed in the medulla oblongata

Answer 27

Cardio and respiratory centres

Question 28

What does the medulla oblongata lie close to?

Answer 28

Foramen magnum

Question 29

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Answer 29

Perception and interpretation of sensory information formation of motors responces

Question 30

What are the 8 functions of the frontal lobe?

Answer 30

``` motor function problem solving memory language judgement personality social behaviour sexual behaviour ```

Question 31

Which lobe is the Broca area a part of?

Answer 31

Frontal lobe

Question 32

Where can the broca area be found in the frontal lobe?

Answer 32

Found at the inferior frontal gyrus

Question 33

What is the Broca area important for?

Answer 33

Language production and comprehension

Question 34

What is the hippocampus involved in?

Answer 34

long term memory formation

Question 35

What is the amygdala involved in?

Answer 35

Reward and fear responses

Question 36

What does amygdala influences in order for it exert its effects?

Answer 36

ANS and the endocrine system

Question 37

Which part of the brain/limbic system is highly connected to pleasure centres in the brain?

Answer 37

The amygdala

Question 38

What are the 3 meningeal layers of the brain?

Answer 38

Dura Arachnoid Pia

Question 39

How many layers make up the dura?

Answer 39

2 layers

Question 40

What are the names of the 2 layers that make up the dura mater?

Answer 40

Outer endosteal layer Inner meningeal layer

Question 41

What is the name of the outer layer of the dura mater?

Answer 41

The outer endosteal layer

Question 42

What is the name of the inner layer of the dura mater?

Answer 42

The inner meningeal layer

Question 43

What does the outer endosteal layer of the dura line?

Answer 43

Lines the interior of the skull

Question 44

What does the outer endosteal layer of the dura send to the cranial bones?

Answer 44

Blood vessels and fibrosis processes

Question 45

Where do blood vessels and fibrosis processes of the endosteal layer of the dura get sent to?

Answer 45

To the cranial bones

Question 46

What does the inner meningeal layer of the dura cover?

Answer 46

completely envelopes the CNS

Question 47

Which layer of the dura mater continues as a tube and is seen around the spinal cord?

Answer 47

The inner meningeal layer

Question 48

What does the inner meningeal layer of the dura cover do for the cranial nerves?

Answer 48

Provides tubular sheaths for the cranial nerves

Question 49

What are the Dural venous sinuses?

Answer 49

It is a system of communicating blood filled spaces where the dural folds attach to the skull

Question 50

Which sinus in the brain is the most clinically important?

Answer 50

Cavernous sinus

Question 51

True/False: The outer endosteal layer and inner meningeal later of the dura mater fuse for the most part?

Answer 51

True

Question 52

What do the dural folds support?

Answer 52

The subdivisions of the brain

Question 53

Where is the Falx cerebri located?

Answer 53

In the longitudinal fissure

Question 54

Where is the superior sagittal sinus located?

Answer 54

Where the falx cerebri attaches to the cranium

Question 55

What is the tentorium cerebelli and what does it form a roof over?

Answer 55

Dura forming a thick fibroud roof over the posterior cranial fossa and the cerebellum

Question 56

What is the flax cerebelli?

Answer 56

Small vertical sickle shaped reflection of dura separating the 2 lobes of the cerebellum

Question 57

What is the name of the mater that encloses the brain loosely following the dura?

Answer 57

Arachnoid mater

Question 58

What is the name of the space that exists between the arachnoid and pia mater?

Answer 58

Subarachnoid cisterns

Question 59

What is the subarchnoid cisterns filled with?

Answer 59

CSF

Question 60

Where is the straight sinus located?

Answer 60

Within the tentorium cerebelli and attaches to the flax cerebri

Question 61

What is the name of the layer that is closely adherent to the underlying nervous tissue of the brain?

Answer 61

Pia mater

Question 62

What is the name of the meningeal layer that forms part of the BBB?

Answer 62

Pia mater

Question 63

Why is the pia mater functionally very important?

Answer 63

Forms part of the BBB