Intro E2 Ch 3 Flashcards
Toddlers ages
1-3
How have toddlers body proportions shifted from infancy
Chest,legs, bellies, skin
Chest: is larger than head
Legs: growing faster than trunk WADDLE FOR BALANCE
- protruding bellies
Skin: thicker skin less vulnerable to rashes and surface injuries
Dentition facts: #, monitoring, prevention, biggest concerns #, monitoring, prevention, biggest concerns
Dentition = teeth
Now have 16 primary teeth: can chew
Monitor for biting and stop habit
Dental care to preserve root beds and spacing for secondary teeth
High sugar content should be avoided to prevent dental caries (cavities)
Why should toddlers be weaned from their bottle by this time
Sugar for milk accumulates in the back of teeth may cause damage
What does the stomach of a toddler look like
Now larger stomach eat less frequently with less than sensitivity
How many bowel movements do toddlers have a day
About 1 to 2 times per day
Toddler Heart rate and lung capacity statistics
Now have a larger capacity with high energy levels
Heart rate 100 to 110 bpm
Resp rate 20-30 bmp
V infants
Heart rate 120 to 160 bpm
Resp rate 30-60 bpm
With more developed kidneys What can toddlers do
Can now concentrate urine decreasing urination frequency meaning less diaper changes
Toddler gross motor milestones
Climbing, jumping, skipping, running, walking back and sideways , on tip toes, balance in 1 foot
Toddler fine motor milestones
Can build towers up to six blocks, use fat pencils, copy draw stick people, feed themselves with utensils and drink from cup
Toddler brain facts
Size, what their brain signals
Is now at full anatomical size but still developing
Occurring myelination: increase speed of neural transmission and speed of sensory perception
—-allows them to feel when they have to poop or void
Weight and height statistics for toddlers
Growing slower than infancy
Weight: gaining 5 to 6 pounds per year
Height: growing 4 to 5 inches a year
Toddler nutrition how much do they eat and how to feed
Don’t need as many calories because of slow the growth
Toddlers don’t like taking time to eat they should be offered finger foods and small servings that can be placed in the palm of their hand
Food jags
Define a toddlers food jags
Were they only want to eat a certain food at a time
I.e nuggets all week then only corn dogs
Should food be used as a reward
Food should never be used as a reward may develop unhealthy eating habits later in life
What are sleeping requirements for toddlers
Require 10 hours per night +1 to 2 hour day naps
What do toddlers rely heavily on
Routines: they should have consistency with bedtimes and other activities to help them feel secure
Like having a favorite stuffed animal or blanket
Define separation anxiety and what is it related to
Separation anxiety is when toddlers get extremely anxious about not having their parents or caregivers around as they feel their security depends on them being close related to the concept of OBJECT PERMANENCE
To work through separation anxiety where should parents always play in reference to their children
 they should plan a room adjacent to or in view of caregiver
How do toddlers learn about the world
Through play: exploring and playing with things that are not toys
What type of play do toddlers have
Parallel play: playing side by side but never interacting with another toddler
What is not understood in toddlers
Sharing is not understood toddlers will NOT share
What must toddlers be at all times
Toddlers must be supervised at all times,
Their environment should be safe and all harmful objects like medication, knives, weapons and tools as well as choking hazards should be out of reach and kept away
What is a toddlers psychosocial developmental theory
Autonomy v shame and doubt
Age: 1-3
Task: Toileting/ dressing
Question: Can I do things myself or will I always have to rely on others
Outcome: gaining control of physical skills and achieving a sense or independence
Success: sense of purpose
Failure: shame and doubt that follows in life in the form of decision hesitancy
Through autonomy versus shame and doubt what are toddlers gaining control over
Getting control over their bodies developing gross and fine motor skills as well as muscle tone coordination and spatial/ sensory perception
How is the failure of shame and doubt developed and what is it lead to
Developed by parents scolding ridiculing and embarrassing them
Leads to later life decision hesitancy and shame
How much toddlers be taught what is correct and incorrect behavior
They should be taught in a very firm way when it comes to safety, communication should be done in a firm and respectful manner
NEVER HIT, SPANKED, SLAPPED
In brain development what must be present or in place for effective toileting
Myelination; allows for ability to sense when they need to stool or relieve themselves
When is toileting typically thought
Between 18 months to 24 months may take them up to Age 3 to be ready
Toileting autonomy v shame & doubt how are both achieved
Autonomy: through successful accomplishment and positive parental encouragement
Shame and doubt: through unrealistic expectations yelling and ridiculing
In the process of toddlers gaining control of their emotions what do they display
Often display emotional meltdowns (temper tantrum‘s) in the process of learning delayed gratification
To avoid hearing no from a toddler you should phrase requests as alternatives rather send a yes or no format
Do toddlers like to be told no
NO, become frustrated and throw uncontrolled tantrum
How should a parent deal with a temper tantrum
Stay calm
Use simple choices or distractions
Use time out as a last resort( 1 min per age of child)
Under Piaget what is a child’s cognition
Preoperational: Solutions via mental combinations
-language and memory are developing beginning to problem solve
How do toddlers experiment
Still doing some trial and error but now have internal representation: thinking about something first
Because of memory and language Can now figure out things without having to Actually manipulate
What is a toddler’s thought process
Parataxic: what is-is 
-there is no cause-and-effect don’t really understand consequence
How Would toddler thinking be described as
Centered they only describe objects by single trait or function
What is a toddler’s reasoning
Transductive reasoning (General to General)
There are no broad subcategories a rose is a rose not a flower or a plant
What does it mean to describe a child as egocentric
Toddlers are egocentric they cannot understand the perspective of others and cannot empathize
What does the language of a toddler look like
Syncretic
-One word phrases mean a whole sentence (outside = I want to go outside)
When do toddlers typically speak in full sentences
By the age of four
For a toddler what is extremely helpful in language development and success in school and life
Reading to the toddler
What is a toddlers morality
Punishment V obedience
Act right in order to avoid consequence of punishment
Will only behave when parent watches but not all the time if it is something the toddler really wants to do
How should a toddler’s timeout be timed
One minute per age in years of the child
How do adults display punishment and obedience
Slowing down after speeding on a freeway when seeing a police officer to avoid a ticket
Common toddler injuries
1 drowning is the most common cause among children 1 to 4
MVC
Otitis media
Ear infection due to bacteria
Croup
Infection of upper airway usually caused by a virus that leads to swelling of the trachea and obstructs breathing
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes
Asthma
Airways narrow and swell to produce extra mucus making breathing difficult
Pneumonia
Infections that inflame air sacks in one or both lungs
Hospitalizations
Can be traumatic because of separation anxiety
 toddler may feel punished or isolated
may regress if potty trained
Parents should stay with toddler in hospital
Going back to growth and development What is a general principle of human growth and development
Development results from interaction of hereditary and environment
