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Nursing semester 1 > Intro E2 Ch 3 > Flashcards

Intro E2 Ch 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Toddlers ages

A

1-3

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2
Q

How have toddlers body proportions shifted from infancy

Chest,legs, bellies, skin

A

Chest: is larger than head

Legs: growing faster than trunk WADDLE FOR BALANCE
- protruding bellies

Skin: thicker skin less vulnerable to rashes and surface injuries

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3
Q 
Dentition facts: #, monitoring, prevention, biggest concerns
#, monitoring, prevention, biggest concerns
A

Dentition = teeth

Now have 16 primary teeth: can chew

Monitor for biting and stop habit

Dental care to preserve root beds and spacing for secondary teeth

High sugar content should be avoided to prevent dental caries (cavities)

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4
Q

Why should toddlers be weaned from their bottle by this time

A

Sugar for milk accumulates in the back of teeth may cause damage

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5
Q

What does the stomach of a toddler look like

A

Now larger stomach eat less frequently with less than sensitivity

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6
Q

How many bowel movements do toddlers have a day

A

About 1 to 2 times per day

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7
Q

Toddler Heart rate and lung capacity statistics

A

Now have a larger capacity with high energy levels

Heart rate 100 to 110 bpm 
Resp rate  20-30 bmp
                      V infants 
Heart rate 120 to 160 bpm 
Resp rate 30-60 bpm
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8
Q

With more developed kidneys What can toddlers do

A

Can now concentrate urine decreasing urination frequency meaning less diaper changes

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9
Q

Toddler gross motor milestones

A

Climbing, jumping, skipping, running, walking back and sideways , on tip toes, balance in 1 foot

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10
Q

Toddler fine motor milestones

A

Can build towers up to six blocks, use fat pencils, copy draw stick people, feed themselves with utensils and drink from cup

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11
Q

Toddler brain facts

Size, what their brain signals

A

Is now at full anatomical size but still developing

Occurring myelination: increase speed of neural transmission and speed of sensory perception

—-allows them to feel when they have to poop or void

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12
Q

Weight and height statistics for toddlers

A

Growing slower than infancy

Weight: gaining 5 to 6 pounds per year

Height: growing 4 to 5 inches a year

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13
Q

Toddler nutrition how much do they eat and how to feed

A

Don’t need as many calories because of slow the growth

Toddlers don’t like taking time to eat they should be offered finger foods and small servings that can be placed in the palm of their hand

Food jags

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14
Q

Define a toddlers food jags

A

Were they only want to eat a certain food at a time

I.e nuggets all week then only corn dogs

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15
Q

Should food be used as a reward

A

Food should never be used as a reward may develop unhealthy eating habits later in life

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16
Q

What are sleeping requirements for toddlers

A

Require 10 hours per night +1 to 2 hour day naps

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17
Q

What do toddlers rely heavily on

A

Routines: they should have consistency with bedtimes and other activities to help them feel secure

Like having a favorite stuffed animal or blanket

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18
Q

Define separation anxiety and what is it related to

A

Separation anxiety is when toddlers get extremely anxious about not having their parents or caregivers around as they feel their security depends on them being close related to the concept of OBJECT PERMANENCE

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19
Q

To work through separation anxiety where should parents always play in reference to their children

A

 they should plan a room adjacent to or in view of caregiver

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20
Q

How do toddlers learn about the world

A

Through play: exploring and playing with things that are not toys

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21
Q

What type of play do toddlers have

A

Parallel play: playing side by side but never interacting with another toddler

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22
Q

What is not understood in toddlers

A

Sharing is not understood toddlers will NOT share

23
Q

What must toddlers be at all times

A

Toddlers must be supervised at all times,
Their environment should be safe and all harmful objects like medication, knives, weapons and tools as well as choking hazards should be out of reach and kept away

24
Q

What is a toddlers psychosocial developmental theory

A

Autonomy v shame and doubt

Age: 1-3

Task: Toileting/ dressing

Question: Can I do things myself or will I always have to rely on others

Outcome: gaining control of physical skills and achieving a sense or independence

Success: sense of purpose

Failure: shame and doubt that follows in life in the form of decision hesitancy

25
Q

Through autonomy versus shame and doubt what are toddlers gaining control over

A

Getting control over their bodies developing gross and fine motor skills as well as muscle tone coordination and spatial/ sensory perception

26
Q

How is the failure of shame and doubt developed and what is it lead to

A

Developed by parents scolding ridiculing and embarrassing them

Leads to later life decision hesitancy and shame

27
Q

How much toddlers be taught what is correct and incorrect behavior

A

They should be taught in a very firm way when it comes to safety, communication should be done in a firm and respectful manner

NEVER HIT, SPANKED, SLAPPED

28
Q

In brain development what must be present or in place for effective toileting

A

Myelination; allows for ability to sense when they need to stool or relieve themselves

29
Q

When is toileting typically thought

A

Between 18 months to 24 months may take them up to Age 3 to be ready

30
Q

Toileting autonomy v shame & doubt how are both achieved

A

Autonomy: through successful accomplishment and positive parental encouragement

Shame and doubt: through unrealistic expectations yelling and ridiculing

31
Q

In the process of toddlers gaining control of their emotions what do they display

A

Often display emotional meltdowns (temper tantrum‘s) in the process of learning delayed gratification

To avoid hearing no from a toddler you should phrase requests as alternatives rather send a yes or no format

32
Q

Do toddlers like to be told no

A

NO, become frustrated and throw uncontrolled tantrum

33
Q

How should a parent deal with a temper tantrum

A

Stay calm
Use simple choices or distractions
Use time out as a last resort( 1 min per age of child)

34
Q

Under Piaget what is a child’s cognition

A

Preoperational: Solutions via mental combinations

 -language and memory are developing beginning to problem solve
35
Q

How do toddlers experiment

A

Still doing some trial and error but now have internal representation: thinking about something first

Because of memory and language Can now figure out things without having to Actually manipulate

36
Q

What is a toddler’s thought process

A

Parataxic: what is-is 

-there is no cause-and-effect don’t really understand consequence

37
Q

How Would toddler thinking be described as

A

Centered they only describe objects by single trait or function

38
Q

What is a toddler’s reasoning

A

Transductive reasoning (General to General)

There are no broad subcategories a rose is a rose not a flower or a plant

39
Q

What does it mean to describe a child as egocentric

A

Toddlers are egocentric they cannot understand the perspective of others and cannot empathize

40
Q

What does the language of a toddler look like

A

Syncretic

-One word phrases mean a whole sentence (outside = I want to go outside)

41
Q

When do toddlers typically speak in full sentences

A

By the age of four

42
Q

For a toddler what is extremely helpful in language development and success in school and life

A

Reading to the toddler

43
Q

What is a toddlers morality

A

Punishment V obedience
Act right in order to avoid consequence of punishment

Will only behave when parent watches but not all the time if it is something the toddler really wants to do

44
Q

How should a toddler’s timeout be timed

A

One minute per age in years of the child

45
Q

How do adults display punishment and obedience

A

Slowing down after speeding on a freeway when seeing a police officer to avoid a ticket

46
Q

Common toddler injuries

A

1 drowning is the most common cause among children 1 to 4

MVC

47
Q

Otitis media

A

Ear infection due to bacteria

48
Q

Croup

A

Infection of upper airway usually caused by a virus that leads to swelling of the trachea and obstructs breathing

49
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes

50
Q

Asthma

A

Airways narrow and swell to produce extra mucus making breathing difficult

51
Q

Pneumonia

A

Infections that inflame air sacks in one or both lungs

52
Q

Hospitalizations

A

Can be traumatic because of separation anxiety

 toddler may feel punished or isolated

may regress if potty trained

Parents should stay with toddler in hospital

53
Q

Going back to growth and development What is a general principle of human growth and development

A

Development results from interaction of hereditary and environment

Nursing semester 1 (19 decks)

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