Intro E2 Ch 2 Flashcards
When does Growth and development begin
Before conception (pregnancy)
When should a woman get prenatal care
After she discovers she’s pregnant usually between 2 to 6 weeks after conception
What trimester is the most vulnerable where things can go seriously wrong
The first trimester
What risks Are associated with unplanned pregnancies
Also include unwanted pregnancies risk of mother not taking care of her health or not emotionally ready to have a child, lacking support systems
Baby may fail to thrive increase risk for emotional and physical abuse of child
Why are teenage pregnancies very vulnerable to problems
Children having children and raising children
Teen body not in the best of health • No optimal nutrition • No optimal sleep • Use of drugs or alcohol/smoking • STDs
Not financially stable or mature
Social determinants associated with higher teen birth rates
Unemployed, low education, low income
What is the assessment a baby born in a hospital has done and how frequently
The APGAR
1 minute and 5 minutes post birth
What is the APGAR assessment
:A health status evaluation of the infant
max score of 10 (2 points per category)
Rates
- Heart rate
- fast or regular
- Respiratory rate
- Color
- pinker= better
- Muscle tone
- tight forceful muscle v flacidity
- Reflex irritability
- quickness of response to tactile stimuli
Along with the five categories of the APGAR What is also tested on infants
Ability to suckle (nipple or bottle)
Hearing
What is indicative of effective bonding between mother and baby
Sustained eye contact between mother and baby
Mother calling baby baby name
Molding a babies body to mother would being held
What can ineffective bonding between mother and baby cause in child
Failure to thrive
Child growth statistics
Weight and height
Weight in 6 months: doubled
Weight in 1 year: tripled
I.e: (8 delivery 25 first year)
Length in 1 year: 1 1/2 times birth
Normal birth weight and height
Weight: 6 to 9 pounds
Height: 18 to 22 inches long
What is infancy in relation to a persons growth and developmental periods
The time in life when a person goes through the most rapid growth and development along with adolescence
How many calories does a newborn need
110 to 120 calories/ kg
or 200 mL /kg per day
How much do newborns eat in relation to ounces and frequency
Newborns eat 3 to 4 ounces every 3 to 4 hours and typically breast-fed every 2 to 3 hours as queued by infant
What is the best type of nutrition an infant can receive
Breastmilk, as it is designed specifically to meet nutritional needs of the baby, cause a stronger immune system to Higher IQs for children and decreases risk of breast and ovarian cancer for mother
What is the second best option for infant nutrition
Instant formula, nurse should educate mothers on this nutritional topic and never judge decision
When are infants usually weaned from breast or bottle to drinking from a cup
Before their first birthday typically to promote healthy growth of teeth
When should a baby start eating solid foods and why
Babies can start eating solid food at six months of age with puréed food only of one kind at a time because their digestive system is too immature to process solid food
What should a baby start eating at nine months
Rice cereal then veggies and fruits then meat (puréed)
What happens if you start food before six months of age
Development of food allergies
How much sleep does an infant need and why
About 18 to 22 hours per day because of rapid growth and changes
• only wake every 3 to 4 hours to eat and be changed
At what age do infants start sleeping longer intervals and how much do they sleep at one year
By 4 months (16 hours) they can sleep longer intervals
Buy 1 year typically sleep 12 hours per day and need naps
SIDS facts and prevention tips
Sudden infant death syndrome is at greatest risk during first three months of life up until full year
Place babies to sleep STRICTLY ON BACK AND ONLY BACK
- on firm surface
- No co bedding
- keep soft objects and loose bedding away to prevent strangulation entrapment and suffocation
- keep baby in parents room
What does supervised tummy time promote and prevent
Promotes: adequate muscle growth and development
Prevents: misshapen head (plagiocephaly)
Why do babies have gaps (soft spots) in skull
Allow for passage through birth canal and space to allow brain growth
Name the two soft spots and when they typically close
- Anterior fontanelle (square shape): top of head closes at 18 months
* Helpful in assessing hydration if sunken equals dehydrated if for indicates increased fluid in the brain - Posterior fontanelle (triangle shape): back of head closes at 2 to 4 months
Why should you never shake a baby
Babies brain vasculature is very delicate if shaken can have brain bleeds death or permanent brain damage
Infant reflexes
- Rooting: finger on babies cheek and will turn to suck on it
- Sucking
- Grasping: non-purposeful opening to grasp adult finger
- Dance: if held upright will move feet like dancing
- Motoreflex (startle) : jerk arms and legs with loud noise
6. Babinski: Will fan out toes if touched from outer Sole to big toe
What senses are developed at birth and what senses are not
Well: hear, taste, smell, touch
Not well:
•vision
- (improves from 6 months to 6 years)
• temperature regulation
- cannot sweat or shiver parent must clothe (warmth) and provide security
•brain
- until 12
• lungs, kidney, digestive tract
What must babies always be for safety and what are safety techniques used
MUST ALWAYS BE SUPERVISED
- in car: in car seat facing backwards in the middle of the backseat
- keep breakable objects and strings away
- do not leave alone in the bathtub ever
Define anticipatory guidance
Education provided to parents about growth and development milestones babies are due to reach basically what’s normal what’s not and when to get help
Development milestones for anticipatory guidance (by age in months, gross and fine motor milestones)
->
2 months
Gross: Lifting head when prone
Fine: fading grasp reflex
3-4 months
Gross: Turns head from side to side
Fine: holds rattle placed in hand
4 to 6 months
Gross: roll from back to front; front to back
Fine: plays with feet, holds bottle
7 to 8 months
Gross: Sits; crawls
Fine: transfers objects from one hand to another
9 to 10 months
Gross: Pulls self to standing
Fine: shows hand preference
11 to 12 months
Gross: Walks; can sit from standing position
Fine: feeds self well with fingers; beginning to use large utensils, holds sippy cup
What happens if babies do not reach their milestones
Babies must be thoroughly evaluated by provider using the Denver II assessment
Define Denver II assessment and give categories that are evaluated
Assessment done in clinical settings to determine if children are reaching milestones on time in comparison to other children their age consists of
Self help: Eating and dressing psycho social skills like sharing
Sensory abilities: hearing, vision, language
Fine motor skills: using thumb and finger grasp
Gross motor skills: sitting, crawling, walking, standing
Self help
Eating and dressing psycho social skills like sharing
Sensory abilities
hearing, vision, language
Fine motor skills
using thumb and finger grasp
Gross motor skills
sitting, crawling, walking, standing
When Do babies go in for their well baby check ups
At age 2, four, six and 12 months to ensure appropriate growth and development
What is an infants psychosocial task
Trust v mistrust
Define trust and how it develops
Develops when caretaker response in a timely manner to basic needs like changing diaper, comfort, security, temperature comfort, stimulation cognitive, responds in caring consistent manner
What will babies who trust do to caregiver
- Reach out for caregiver
- rest comfortably in arms
- smile at caregiver
Define mistrust and how it develops
Develops when there is inconsistency and or non-caring attitudes (develops with consistent neglect and in some cases abuse)
How will baby that mistrust act to caregiver
- Will be indifferent to nearness
* Not be content in general (crying)
How do babies communicate needs
Babies cry when they want some thing as a form of communications but a few minutes of crying will not be traumatic
Can infants be spoiled
• Yes: if parents hold him all the time and they do not learn how to communicate needs
— infants need A very small taste of delayed gratification to learn the skill
How do you avoid infants becoming spoiled
They should have consistency with getting needs met and should be handled with affection and love but in a very fine balance
What is the infants cognition status
Sensorimotor: is reflexive in using senses to process info purposefully( preludes thought)
- primary circular reactions
- secondary circular reaction
- coordination of secondary schemata
- OBJECT PERMANENCE (9-14 months old)
:remember something/one exist even when not in sight and become upset when parents leave because they know they are somewhere
- OBJECT PERMANENCE (9-14 months old)
- Tertiary circular reaction
- Solutions via mental combinations
With a baby who has object permanence what do short trips help gain
Gain trust that parent will return
What is a infant morality
AMORAL: “ if it feels good do it”
- do not have cognitive ability to know what is right or wrong
Infants and cognition – language
- Begin to connect language and sounds
- it is important to correct Annunciation so they learn correctly the first time
- it is a great time to start speaking more than one language to them
