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Nursing semester 1 > Intro E2 Ch 2 > Flashcards

Intro E2 Ch 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When does Growth and development begin

A

Before conception (pregnancy)

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2
Q

When should a woman get prenatal care

A

After she discovers she’s pregnant usually between 2 to 6 weeks after conception

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3
Q

What trimester is the most vulnerable where things can go seriously wrong

A

The first trimester

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4
Q

What risks Are associated with unplanned pregnancies

A

Also include unwanted pregnancies risk of mother not taking care of her health or not emotionally ready to have a child, lacking support systems

Baby may fail to thrive increase risk for emotional and physical abuse of child

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5
Q

Why are teenage pregnancies very vulnerable to problems

A

Children having children and raising children

Teen body not in the best of health
• No optimal nutrition
• No optimal sleep
• Use of drugs or alcohol/smoking
• STDs

Not financially stable or mature

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6
Q

Social determinants associated with higher teen birth rates

A

Unemployed, low education, low income

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7
Q

What is the assessment a baby born in a hospital has done and how frequently

A

The APGAR

1 minute and 5 minutes post birth

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8
Q

What is the APGAR assessment

A

:A health status evaluation of the infant

max score of 10 (2 points per category)

Rates

  1. Heart rate
    • fast or regular
  2. Respiratory rate
  3. Color
    • pinker= better
  4. Muscle tone
    • tight forceful muscle v flacidity
  5. Reflex irritability
    • quickness of response to tactile stimuli
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9
Q

Along with the five categories of the APGAR What is also tested on infants

A

Ability to suckle (nipple or bottle)

Hearing

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10
Q

What is indicative of effective bonding between mother and baby

A

Sustained eye contact between mother and baby

Mother calling baby baby name

Molding a babies body to mother would being held

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11
Q

What can ineffective bonding between mother and baby cause in child

A

Failure to thrive

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12
Q

Child growth statistics

Weight and height

A

Weight in 6 months: doubled
Weight in 1 year: tripled
I.e: (8 delivery 25 first year)

Length in 1 year: 1 1/2 times birth

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13
Q

Normal birth weight and height

A

Weight: 6 to 9 pounds
Height: 18 to 22 inches long

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14
Q

What is infancy in relation to a persons growth and developmental periods

A

The time in life when a person goes through the most rapid growth and development along with adolescence

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15
Q

How many calories does a newborn need

A

110 to 120 calories/ kg

or 200 mL /kg per day

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16
Q

How much do newborns eat in relation to ounces and frequency

A

Newborns eat 3 to 4 ounces every 3 to 4 hours and typically breast-fed every 2 to 3 hours as queued by infant

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17
Q

What is the best type of nutrition an infant can receive

A

Breastmilk, as it is designed specifically to meet nutritional needs of the baby, cause a stronger immune system to Higher IQs for children and decreases risk of breast and ovarian cancer for mother

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18
Q

What is the second best option for infant nutrition

A

Instant formula, nurse should educate mothers on this nutritional topic and never judge decision

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19
Q

When are infants usually weaned from breast or bottle to drinking from a cup

A

Before their first birthday typically to promote healthy growth of teeth

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20
Q

When should a baby start eating solid foods and why

A

Babies can start eating solid food at six months of age with puréed food only of one kind at a time because their digestive system is too immature to process solid food

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21
Q

What should a baby start eating at nine months

A

Rice cereal then veggies and fruits then meat (puréed)

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22
Q

What happens if you start food before six months of age

A

Development of food allergies

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23
Q

How much sleep does an infant need and why

A

About 18 to 22 hours per day because of rapid growth and changes
• only wake every 3 to 4 hours to eat and be changed

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24
Q

At what age do infants start sleeping longer intervals and how much do they sleep at one year

A

By 4 months (16 hours) they can sleep longer intervals

Buy 1 year typically sleep 12 hours per day and need naps

25
Q

SIDS facts and prevention tips

A

Sudden infant death syndrome is at greatest risk during first three months of life up until full year

Place babies to sleep STRICTLY ON BACK AND ONLY BACK

  • on firm surface
  • No co bedding
  • keep soft objects and loose bedding away to prevent strangulation entrapment and suffocation
  • keep baby in parents room
26
Q

What does supervised tummy time promote and prevent

A

Promotes: adequate muscle growth and development

Prevents: misshapen head (plagiocephaly)

27
Q

Why do babies have gaps (soft spots) in skull

A

Allow for passage through birth canal and space to allow brain growth

28
Q

Name the two soft spots and when they typically close

A
  1. Anterior fontanelle (square shape): top of head closes at 18 months
    * Helpful in assessing hydration if sunken equals dehydrated if for indicates increased fluid in the brain
  2. Posterior fontanelle (triangle shape): back of head closes at 2 to 4 months
29
Q

Why should you never shake a baby

A

Babies brain vasculature is very delicate if shaken can have brain bleeds death or permanent brain damage

30
Q

Infant reflexes

A
  1. Rooting: finger on babies cheek and will turn to suck on it
  2. Sucking
  3. Grasping: non-purposeful opening to grasp adult finger
  4. Dance: if held upright will move feet like dancing
  5. Motoreflex (startle) : jerk arms and legs with loud noise

6. Babinski: Will fan out toes if touched from outer Sole to big toe

31
Q

What senses are developed at birth and what senses are not

A

Well: hear, taste, smell, touch

Not well:
•vision
- (improves from 6 months to 6 years)

• temperature regulation
- cannot sweat or shiver parent must clothe (warmth) and provide security

•brain
- until 12

• lungs, kidney, digestive tract

32
Q

What must babies always be for safety and what are safety techniques used

A

MUST ALWAYS BE SUPERVISED

  • in car: in car seat facing backwards in the middle of the backseat
  • keep breakable objects and strings away
  • do not leave alone in the bathtub ever
33
Q

Define anticipatory guidance

A

Education provided to parents about growth and development milestones babies are due to reach basically what’s normal what’s not and when to get help

34
Q

Development milestones for anticipatory guidance (by age in months, gross and fine motor milestones)

A

->

35
Q

2 months

A

Gross: Lifting head when prone

Fine: fading grasp reflex

36
Q

3-4 months

A

Gross: Turns head from side to side

Fine: holds rattle placed in hand

37
Q

4 to 6 months

A

Gross: roll from back to front; front to back

Fine: plays with feet, holds bottle

38
Q

7 to 8 months

A

Gross: Sits; crawls

Fine: transfers objects from one hand to another

39
Q

9 to 10 months

A

Gross: Pulls self to standing

Fine: shows hand preference

40
Q

11 to 12 months

A

Gross: Walks; can sit from standing position

Fine: feeds self well with fingers; beginning to use large utensils, holds sippy cup

41
Q

What happens if babies do not reach their milestones

A

Babies must be thoroughly evaluated by provider using the Denver II assessment

42
Q

Define Denver II assessment and give categories that are evaluated

A

Assessment done in clinical settings to determine if children are reaching milestones on time in comparison to other children their age consists of

Self help: Eating and dressing psycho social skills like sharing

Sensory abilities: hearing, vision, language

Fine motor skills: using thumb and finger grasp

Gross motor skills: sitting, crawling, walking, standing

43
Q

Self help

A

Eating and dressing psycho social skills like sharing

44
Q

Sensory abilities

A

hearing, vision, language

45
Q

Fine motor skills

A

using thumb and finger grasp

46
Q

Gross motor skills

A

sitting, crawling, walking, standing

47
Q

When Do babies go in for their well baby check ups

A

At age 2, four, six and 12 months to ensure appropriate growth and development

48
Q

What is an infants psychosocial task

A

Trust v mistrust

49
Q

Define trust and how it develops

A

Develops when caretaker response in a timely manner to basic needs like changing diaper, comfort, security, temperature comfort, stimulation cognitive, responds in caring consistent manner

50
Q

What will babies who trust do to caregiver

A
  • Reach out for caregiver
  • rest comfortably in arms
  • smile at caregiver
51
Q

Define mistrust and how it develops

A

Develops when there is inconsistency and or non-caring attitudes (develops with consistent neglect and in some cases abuse)

52
Q

How will baby that mistrust act to caregiver

A
  • Will be indifferent to nearness

* Not be content in general (crying)

53
Q

How do babies communicate needs

A

Babies cry when they want some thing as a form of communications but a few minutes of crying will not be traumatic

54
Q

Can infants be spoiled

A

• Yes: if parents hold him all the time and they do not learn how to communicate needs
— infants need A very small taste of delayed gratification to learn the skill

55
Q

How do you avoid infants becoming spoiled

A

They should have consistency with getting needs met and should be handled with affection and love but in a very fine balance

56
Q

What is the infants cognition status

A

Sensorimotor: is reflexive in using senses to process info purposefully( preludes thought)

  1. primary circular reactions
  2. secondary circular reaction
  3. coordination of secondary schemata
    • OBJECT PERMANENCE (9-14 months old)
      :remember something/one exist even when not in sight and become upset when parents leave because they know they are somewhere
  4. Tertiary circular reaction
  5. Solutions via mental combinations
57
Q

With a baby who has object permanence what do short trips help gain

A

Gain trust that parent will return

58
Q

What is a infant morality

A

AMORAL: “ if it feels good do it”

- do not have cognitive ability to know what is right or wrong

59
Q

Infants and cognition – language

A
  • Begin to connect language and sounds
  • it is important to correct Annunciation so they learn correctly the first time
  • it is a great time to start speaking more than one language to them

Nursing semester 1 (19 decks)

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