Innnate Immunity Flashcards
Basophils
Distribution:
Characteristics:
Function:
Released Contents:
Basophils
Distribution: 0-1%
Characteristics: deep bluish purple granules
Function: Allergic reactions - Type I Hypersensitivity
Released Contents: Histamine, Heparin, Eosinophilic-chemotactic factor A
Major inflammatory mediator
Histamine
It resembles basophils but are originated in tissues
Mast cells
Greatly involved in Hypersensitivity reactions
Basophils & Mast Cells
Enzyme contents of Mast cells that differs from basophils
ACP
ALP
Protease
Eosinophils
Distribution:
Characteristics:
Function:
Specific Granules:
Eosinophils
Distribution: 1-3%
Characteristics: Bilobed w/ Red orange granules
Function: Parasitic infection
Granules: MBP, Eosinophilic cationic protein, Eosinophil peroxidase, Eosinophil derived neurotoxin
Eosinophil is notably increased in __________ infection
T. spiralis
Eosinophil primary granules contains; __________, and _______________.
ACP
Arylsulfatase
Most active content of eosiniphilic granules
MBP
Neutrophils
Distribution:
Characteristics:
Function:
Granules:
Neutrophils
Distribution: 57-65%
Characteristics: Polymorphonuclear (3-5 lobes)
Function: Phagocytosis
Granules: MPO, Lysozyme, lactoferrin, Collagenase, Gelatinase, Plasminogen activator
First cell to migrate in the site of infection
Neutrophils
Time of migration of Neutrophils
2-3 hrs
50%: Marginating Pool - ___________
50%: Circulating Pool - ___________
Marginating pool: Neutrophils that are found in the endothelial cells of the blood vessels
Circulating Pool: Neutrophils in the circulation
Movement of WBCs from the blood, through blood vessels into the tissue
Diapedesis
Monocyte
Distribution:
Characteristics:
Function:
Granules:
Monocyte
Distribution: 5-8%
Characteristics: Largest, hose-shoe shaped nucleus with ground glass cytoplasm
Function: Phagocytosis, Scavenger cells
Granules: Peroxidase, Arysulfatase, B-glucoronidase, Lysozyme, Lipase
Precursor cell of macrophage
Monocyte
End cell of Monocyte
Macrophage
Tissue monocytes
Macrophages
True/False. Macrophages do not contain peroxidase
True
Macrophages according to Location
Liver: Kidney: CT, BM: Lungs: Spleen:
Macrophages according to Location
Liver: Kuppfer Kidney: Mesangial CT, BM: Histiocytes Lungs: Alveolar macrophage Spleen: Splenic macrophage
Macrophage killing activity is triggered by:
Contact with antigen
Cytokines
Most potent antigen presenting cells
Dendritic cells
APCs
Dendritic Cells
B cells
Macrophage
Dendritic cells according to location
Skin:
Heart, Lungs, Kidneys:
Secondary lymphoid tissues, Thymus:
Dendritic cells according to location
Skin: Langerhans cells
Heart, Lungs, Kidneys: Interstitial dendritic cells
Secondary lymphoid tissues, Thymus: Interdigitating dendritic cells
They present antigens to CD4/CD8 positive cells through MHC/HLA
APCs
Third population lymphocytes (cells that originate in the lymphoid series but active in the innate immunity)
NK cells
Other names of NK cells
Antibody Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity - IgG
Kiss of death
Null Cells
Granular Lymphocytes
Receptors of NK Cells
KAR - Killing activated Receptor
KIR - Killing Inhibiting Receptor
Activates KAR
MICA
MICB
MGC class that activates KIR
MHC Class 1
Main function of NK cells
Cytotoxic activity (tumors, viral) Perforation
Mechanism: KAR
Kills the cell if MICA and MICB are present (stressed cell/virally infected cell) or no expression of MHC class I molecules.
Mechanism: KIR
If MHC class I molecules are recognized, inhibition overweighs activation.
Soluble proteins or polypeptide products of activated cells that regulates both innate and adaptive immunity and control cellular response
Cytokines
Effects of Cytokines
Proliferation/Development of immune cells Hematopoietic Microenvironment (maturation and development)
Characteristics of Cytokines
Pleiotropy
Redundancy
Synergy
Cytokines produced by activated lymphocytes
Lymphokines
Cytokines that are produced by leukocytes and act on leukocytes
Interleukins
First cytokine activity is described as _______________
Migratory Inhibitory Factor
IL-1
Origin:
Target cells:
Effect:
IL-1
Origin: Monocyte, Macrophage
Target cells: Monocyte, T cells B cells, PMNs
Effect: Fever Factor, T cell activation factor
Difference of IL-1a and IL-1b
IL-1a: __________
IL-1b: __________
Difference of IL-1a and IL-1b
IL-1a: Intracellular
IL-1b: Secretor
IL that induces fever/proinflammatory
IL-1
IL that stimulates early hematopoietic cells
IL-3
T cell growth factor
IL-2
Multicolony colony-stimulating factor
IL-3
IL-4
Origin:
Target Cells:
Effect:
IL-4
Origin: T cells and Mast cels
Target Cells: T cells, B cells
Effect: Early activation of resting B cells—upregulates MHC class II production
IL-5
Origin:
Target Cells:
Effect:
IL-5
Origin: Helper T cells type 2 (Th2) and mast cells
Target Cells: Eosinohils
Effect: Activate Eosinophils
IL-6
Origin:
Target Cells:
Effect:
IL-6
Origin: Macrophages, T cells, osteoblasts
Target Cells: T cells and B cells
Effect: Induces production of CRP
IL-8
Origin:
Target Cells:
Effect:
IL-8
Origin: Macrophages and certain types of epithelial cells
Target Cells: PMNs
Effect: Stimulator of PMNs in chemotaxis and activates “respiratory burst”
IL-12
Origin:
Target Cells:
Effect:
IL-12
Origin: B cells, macrophages
Target Cells: T cells, NK cells
Effect: Enhance NK cell function
NK cell stimulatory factor
IL-12
Primary mediators of Gram negative bacteria
Tumor Necrosis Factor
TNF-alpha “____________”
Origin:
Target Cells:
Effect:
TNF-alpha “Cachectin”
Origin: Macrophages – vasodilation and vasopermeability
Target Cells: Monocytes, PMNs, T cells, Macrophages, NK cells
Effect: Activate T cells by MHC class II, Antigen Presentation
TNF-beta “____________”
Origin:
Target Cells:
Effect:
TNF-beta “lymphotoxin”
Origin: CD4, CD8
Target Cells: T cells, B cells
Effect: Cytotoxic activity in tumor cells and virally infected cells
The principal physiologic functions of TNF
(1) to stimulate the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to sites of infection; and
(2) to activate these cells to eradicate microbes
Interferons primary function in ___________________
Anti-viral agents: Virus infected cells - interferes with viral replication and cell division
Interferons are produced by ___________
Dendritic cells
Leukocyte Interferons
INF-alpha
INF-alpha are produced by:
Null Lymphocytes
Antiviral
Activates NK cells
Fibroblast/Epithelial/Fibroepethelial Interferons
INF-beta
Immune Interferon
INF-gamma
INF-gamma are produced by ________
T-helper cells (Th1)
INF-gamma
Stimulus:
Produced:
Effect:
INF-gamma
Stimulus: IL-12
Produced: T1 helper cells
Effect: Enhance cytotoxic ability of the cells (tumoricidal activity of NK cells)
Principal cytokine released by Th1
INF-gamma
Cytokines released by Th1
INF-gamma
IL-2
IL-2
Produced:
Effect:
IL-2
Produced: Activated CD4, CD8, NK cells
Effect: T cell proliferation
T cell growth factor
IL-2
Cytokine produced by the Th2
IL-4
IL-10
IL in the inhibition of cytokine synthesis (anti-inflammatory)
IL-10
TGF-beta
Produced:
Effects:
TGF-beta
Produced: T regulatory cells, Eosinophils
Effects: Induces IL-10 production, Faxp3