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Biology > Inheritance > Flashcards

Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What are the two types of reproduction

A

Asexual and sexual reproduction

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1
Q

Define heredity

A

The passing of traits from parents to offspring

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2
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

“Clone” A single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all it’s jeans to its offspring

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3
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

Two parents giving rise to offspring that are unique combination of jeans

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4
Q

Where is all this information for all the seriation stored

A

Genes

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5
Q

What is a gene

A

A segment of DNA

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6
Q

What determines genetic traits

A

One or more genes

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7
Q

Genes code for the production of particular

A

Proteins

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8
Q

Proteins express

A

The characteristic of the genes

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9
Q

Nucleic acid store genetic information in chromosomes which are passed from _____ to ______ during reproduction

A

Parents

Offspring

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10
Q

Genes are segments of

A

DNA located on are chromosomes

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11
Q

What type of organism is DNA one circular chromosome

A

Prokaryotic

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12
Q

In what organism is DNA packaged into the chromosomes in the nucleus

A

Eukaryotic

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13
Q

Duplicated chromosomes are called

A

Sister chromatids

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14
Q

Sister chromatids are held together by the

A

Centromere

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15
Q

In interphase the DNA is uncoil and is called

A

Chromatin

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16
Q

How many chromosomes to humans have

A

46

17
Q

What are the first 22 pairs of the human chromosomes called

A

Autosomes

18
Q

What are the last pair of the human chromosomes called

A

The sex chromosomes

19
Q

What do the sex chromosomes determine

A

The organisms gender

20
Q

What are homologous chromosomes

A

A pair of chromosomes (maternal and paternal) similar in size and shape

21
Q

What do homologies chromosomes carry

A

They carry genes controlling the same inherited traits

22
Q

What are alleles

A

Different forms of the genes that control the same inherited traits

23
Q

What is fertilization

A

To pass genes from mother to father gametes must fused together in the process called fertilization

24
Q

Define zygote

A

The fertilized cell becomes a new, unique organism called a zygote

25
Q

Each gamete (egg or sperm) has only a

A

Single chromosome from each homologous pair (haploid chromosome number)

26
Q

Zygote has

A

One of each pair of homologous chromosomes (one from mom one from dad) or the diploid chromosome number

27
Q

What is the type of reproduction division that produces genetically different gametes

A

Meiosis

28
Q

What happensin interface of meiosis 1

A

G1: cell growth
S: DNA replication
G2: organelles replicate

29
Q

Happens in prophase of meiosis 1

A

Homologous chromosomes pair and forms a tetrad
Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
Spindle fibers form and nuclear membrane dissolves
Crossing over occurs

30
Q

What is crossing over

A

Shuffles genome of homologous chromosomes (exchanges genetic information)

31
Q

What happens in metaphase of meiosis 1

A

Spindle fibers attached to center mirrors and tetrads lineup (metaphase plate)
Maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes line up randomly

32
Q

What happens in anaphase of meiosis 1

A

Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles

Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere’s

33
Q

What happens in telophase of meiosis one

A

Nuclear envelope reassemble
Spindle fibers disappear
Cytokinesis divides the two cells into haploid cells

34
Q

What occurs in metaphase of meiosis 2

A

Same as metaphase in meiosis one

35
Q

What occurs in anaphase of meiosis two

A

Same as meiosis one

36
Q

Occurs in telophase of meiosis two

A

Same as to telophase in meiosis one

37
Q

What is nondisjunction

A

Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly and cell division

38
Q

What are at least six differences of mitosis and meiosis

A

Number of divisions: Mitosis 1 mitosis 2

of daughter cells: mitosis (2) meiosis (4)

Geneticly identical? Mitosis (yes) meiosis no)

Chromosome #: mitosis(same as parent. Meiosis (half of parent)

Where: mitosis(somatic cells) meiosis: sex cells

When: mitosis(throughout life) meiosis(at sexual maturity)p

39
Q

What are the three sources of genetic variation that come from meiosis

A
  1. Crossing over
  2. Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes
  3. Random fertilization of sperm and egg

Biology (26 decks)

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