INFLAMMATION Flashcards
• A protective universal response to tissue damage (mechanical trauma, tissue necrosis, infection)
INFLAMMATION
is not a disease, but a response of the body to a damaged tissue
Inflammation
Inflammation may be
Beneficial
Harmful
FUNCTIONS (BENEFIT) of INFLAMMATION
Contain damage and Isolate injury
Destroy cause of injury
Destroy resulting necrotic cells and tissues
Prepare tissue for healing and repair
HARMFUL EFFECTS of INFLAMMATION
Swelling
Inappropriate inflammatory response
Digestion of normal tissues
CARDINAL SIGNS
RR CHeat with TS to exp DP
RUBOR (redness)
CALOR (heat)
TUMOR (swelling)
DOLOR (pain)
FUNCTIO LAESA (loss of function)
During inflammation, our blood vessels are permeable, therefore it will open and there will be blood entry leading to the redness of the inflamed part
RUBOR (redness)
• Because of increased in permeability, there is transfer of internal heat
CALOR (heat)
Due to the escape of proteins
Example: Edema
TUMOR (swelling)
o Pain on a specific area because of:
the release of prostaglandins responsible for the pain the pressure
DOLOR (pain)
• Example: Diabetic patients - no sensation because there is no blood supply on that specific part, such as feet, of the body
FUNCTIO LAESA (loss of function)
Original 4 cardinal signs-
rubor
calor
tumor
dolor
5th one is functio laesa which was added by
Virchow
COMPONENTS OF INFLAMMATION
Vascular Reaction
Cellular Response
VASCULAR REACTION
VASOCONSTRICTION
VASODILATION
ENDOTHELIAL ACTIVATION
CELLULAR RESPONSE
NEUTROPHIL ACTIVATION
Occurs first and lasts only for seconds
Initial response of the immune system
It will constrict for a short period of time
VASOCONSTRICTION
Increased diameter of blood vessels -> increased blood flow to area -› Erythema
VASODILATION
Prepares for vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
increased vascular permeability -› Edema (extravasation of liquid portion of blood)
Endothelial activation
• WBCs enter site of injury
• Kill organism, remove debris
• Release chemokines
NEUTROPHIL ACTIVATION
(substances that attract
other immune substances to site of inflammation)
chemokines
SEQUENTIAL STEPS OF A TYPICAL
INFLAMMATORY REACTION (5 Rs)
RECOGNITION of stimulus
RECRUITMENT of WBCs and proteins to site
REMOVAL of stimulus
REGULATION of response
REPAIR
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DURATION
Acute
Chronic
Sub Acute/ Chronic
Short type of inflammation
Acute
Acute
The responsible WBCs to fight this type of inflammation are_____
Neutrophils
The problem for neutrophils is that they have a______
short life span (1-5 days)
• Long term type of inflammation
Chronic
Chronic
• The responsible WBCs are_____
Monocytes
When you get a test for CBC, monocytes will have the highest count in your bloodstream
Chronic
• In between Acute and Chronic
• When you have your blood tested, the increased WBCs are ___________
Sub Acute/Chronic
Neutrophils and Monocytes
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO LOCATION
Localized
Generalized/ Systemic
o Ex: Pimples
• Inflammation only in that one area
• Not widespread; Only found on one side/part of the body
Localized
• Is widespread
It can be that the entire organ or entire system is affected
• Ex: Gingivitis,
Generalized/Systemic
COMPONENTS OF INFLAMMATION
ACCORDING TO CHARACTER OF EXUDATE
Serous
Fibrinous
Catarrhal
Suppurative/ Purulent
Hemorrhagic
• Watery; protein-poor
• Ex: Chicken Pox
SEROUS
• Protein-rich (such as fibrinogen)
• More severe compared to
Serous
• Blood vessels are opened resulting in the escape of proteins
Fibrinous
• Mucus and debris
• Common for patients with
Tuberculosis
• Ex: Cough, Sipon
Catarrhal
Pus and abcess
Suppurative/ Purulent
• Composed of dead neutrophils, necrotic cells, and edema fluid
Pus
Collection of Pus
• Accumulated amount of Pus
Abscess
RBC leakage or Leakage of blood
• Ex: Hematoma
Hemorrhagic
Examples of serous
• Skin Blisters
• Pericarditis
Examples of fibrinous
Adhesions Following Surgery
Example of catarrhal
Runny nose as with
Common Cold
Example of purulent
Abscesses, Boils, Cellulitis
Example of hemorrhagic
Hematoma
The goal of ______ after inflammation is to restore the normal structure
tissue repair
THREE TYPES OF CELLS ACCORDING TO THEIR GENERATING CAPACITY
Labile cells
Stable cells
Permanent cells
o divide actively throughout its lifespan
o capable of regeneration every after injury
Labile cells
ex: hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow, lining of the surface of the genitourinary tract, epidermis of the skin
Labile cells
capable of regenerating only when
needed
Go phase of the cell cycle but they can further progress to the cell cycle
Stable cells
ex: hepatocytes, renal tubular cells
Stable cells
cannot regenerate because they are incapable of division
Permanent cells
ex: neurons, myocardial cells
Permanent cells
TISSUE REPAIR
• Cellular proliferation
• During repair process - removal of debris
• Formation of granulation tissue
• Scarring
• Progressive contraction of wound occurs resulting in the deformity of the original structure
• has many factors fibroblast is the most important component
• fibroblast will turn into a scar
• growth factors
Cellular proliferation
• granulation consists of capillaries and fibroblasts
it fills defects created by liquefaction of the cellular debris
Formation of granulation tissue
fibroblast produces collagen and collagen will produce ____
Scarring
