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Histopath LEC > CELLULAR INJURY AND CELL DEATH > Flashcards

CELLULAR INJURY AND CELL DEATH Flashcards

1
Q

• Alteration in cell structure or function due to stress or pathologic stimuli
• This is the most common response of the cells in almost all types of diseases.

A

CELLULAR INJURY

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2
Q

CAUSES OF CELLULAR INJURY

A

HPCIING

Hypoxia
Physical Agents
Chemical Agents and Drugs
Infectious Agents
Immunologic Reactions
Nutritional Imbalances
Genetic Abnormalities

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3
Q

There is loss of oxygen level on that specific organ or on that specific cell

A

Hypoxia

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4
Q

This can be due to accidents or any form of physically-induced type of injury

A

Physical Agents

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5
Q

Chemical and drugs that can be harmful to the body

A

Chemical Agents and Drugs

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6
Q

• Bacteria, parasites, and the viruses.

A

Infectious Agents

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7
Q

• Allergies

A

Immunologic Reactions

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8
Q

• Comes from parents; passed to you during pregnancy

A

Genetic Abnormalities

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9
Q

There is no homeostasis on the tissues that resulted to cellular injury

A

Nutritional Imbalances

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10
Q

MORPHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS

A

• Generalizing swelling of cells and organelles

• Blebbing of plasma membranes

• Detachment of ribosomes from ER

• Clumping of nuclear chromatin

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11
Q

• The first and foremost or the earliest manifestation of cell iniurv

A

Generalizing swelling of cells and organelles

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12
Q

This one is due to increase in the number of free radicals and the plasma membrane will now protrude.
The protruded portion of the lasma membrane is called the Blebs.

A

Blebbing of plasma membranes

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13
Q

The ribosomes wil now be detached on the endopasmic reticulum, specifically the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Detachment of ribosomes from ER

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14
Q

Cell injury vs Cell suicide

A

Necrosis vs Apoptosis

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15
Q

Cell size

A

Apoptosis: Reduced
Necrosis: Enlarged

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16
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Apoptosis: Intact
Necrosis: Disrupted

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17
Q

Cellular contents

A

Apoptosis: Intact
Necrosis: Enzymatic digestion

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18
Q

Adjacent inflammation

A

Apoptosis: No
Necrosis: Frequent

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

Apoptosis: Fragmentation into nucleosome size
Necrosis: PKK (Pyknosis > Karyorrhexis > Karyolysis)

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20
Q

Physiologic or Pathological

A

Apoptosis: Physiologic
Necrosis: Pathologic

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21
Q

(clumping) nucleosome-size
-> fragments (fragmentation) ->
(dissolution)

A

Pyknosis

Karyorrhexis

Karyolysis

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22
Q

-• Induced by a tightly regulated suicide program in which cells destine to die activate enzymes that degrade the cells’ own proteins and nuclear DNA

A

APOPTOSIS

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23
Q

Presence of cleaved _______ is a marker for cells undergoing apoptosis

A

active caspases

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24
Q

These are cysteine proteases that can cleave the aspartic residue.

A

CASPASES

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25
Q

Apoptosis

Cells break up into______, which are tasty targets for_____

A

apoptotic bodies

phagocyte

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26
Q

• The outcome usually of the cells that undergo apoptotic death is_____, the cell membranes and components are still_____, and there is no any form of_____.

A

shrunken

intact

leakage

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27
Q

The cause of this one can be hypoxia, physical agents, chemical agents, or biological products

A

Apoptosis

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28
Q

REASONS IN FOLLOWING CONDITIONS

A

Physiologic
Pathologic

29
Q

• Eliminates cells that are no longer needed or those that have served their purposes

• Its timespan is alread finished

A

PHYSIOLOGIC

30
Q

• Eliminates cells that are injured beyond repair without eliciting host reaction

A

PATHOLOGIC

31
Q

• Consequence of severe injury

32
Q

TYPES OF NECROSIS ACCORDING TO LOCATION OR EXTENT

A

Focal
Massive

33
Q

Necrosis

______
The inflammation or the injury only happened on the certain area of the body

______
The inflammation or the injury is widespread.

A

FOCAL

MASSIVE

34
Q

TYPES OF NECROSIS ACCORDING TO MORPHOLOGY

A

Coagulative
Liquefactive
Gangrenous
Caseous
Fat
Fibrinoid

35
Q

• Tissue is firm because architecture is preserved

A

COAGULATIVE

36
Q

• Eosinohilic due to denaturation and precipitation of cellular proteins AND enzymes

A

COAGULATIVE

37
Q

Occurs on affected tissue when vessel is obstructed leading to ischemia (except brain)

A

Coagulative

38
Q
  • localized area of necrosis
39
Q

Main cause of coagulative

40
Q

• lack/low oxygen supply on organ/tissue

41
Q

This ty of necrosis appears to be firm. It looks like it was cooked. The tissues will appear dull or dirty.

A

Coagulative

42
Q

Tissue becomes liquid viscous mass due to digestion of dead cells

A

Liquefactive

43
Q

This can lead to pus formation. There is liquefaction. There is a softening of an infected part.

A

Liquefactive

44
Q

Occurs during microbial infection

A

Liquefactive

45
Q

It appears creamy yellow because of pus

A

Liquefactive

46
Q

Liquefactive necrosis affects

A

Central Nervous System

47
Q

This is considered as a “massive tissue death”

A

Gangrenous

48
Q

Due to ischemia (loss of blood suppy); may be superimosed with bacterial infection

A

Gangrenous

49
Q

Combination of coagulation and liquefaction necrosis

A

Gangrenous

50
Q

Two Types of Gangrenous Necrosis:

A

Dry gangrene
Wet gangrene

51
Q

arterial occlusion and ischemic type of necrosis.

A

Dry gangrene

52
Q

There is a sharp demarcation line.
The demarcation line determines up to what extent the gangrene is.

A

Dry gangrene

53
Q

Gangrene

As to the odor, it is less foul because there is less bacterial action.

A

Dry gangrene

54
Q

Gangrene

This is a venous occlusion and the odor

A

Wet gangrene

55
Q

Gangrene

more foul because there is increased bacterial actions plus ischemic injury. The appearance looks like it is rottening.

A

Wet gangrene

56
Q

Gangrene

There is no sharp demarcation line.

A

Wet gangrene

57
Q

Gangrene occlusion

A

Dry: Arterial
Wet: Venous

58
Q

Gangrene odor

A

Dry: less foul
Wet: more foul

59
Q

Demarcation line

A

Dry: Sharp
Wet: None

60
Q

• Cheese-like
• Friable white appearance of necrotic area

61
Q

CASEOUS

Seen in

A

tuberculosis, granuloma

62
Q

Fat destruction due to______

A

pancreatic lipase

63
Q

Lipase splits the neutral fats into____&_____ without affecting the cell membrane

A

fatty acids (FA) and glycerol

64
Q

____ + ____ = Chalky-white
areas soap-like appearance (fat saponification)

A

Fatty Acids + Calcium

65
Q

FAT seen in

A

Acute pancreatitis

66
Q

• Seen in immune reactions when antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in walls of arteries

67
Q

Antigen + Antibody

A

Immune complex

68
Q

Immune complex + fibrin=_______

bright pink and amorphous appearance in H&E staining.

69
Q

Fibrinoid = _____ + ______

A

Immune complex (antigen+antibody)

+

Fibrin

Histopath LEC (37 decks)

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