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Histopath LEC > CELLULAR ADAPTATION > Flashcards

CELLULAR ADAPTATION Flashcards

1
Q

• Changes made by a cell in response to stress or stimuli.

A

CELLULAR ADAPTATION

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2
Q

May be physiologic type of adaptation or pathologic type of adaptation.

A

CELLULAR ADAPTATION

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3
Q

O_________ - the adaptive response of our body; a normal occurrence of our body.

O_________ - brought about or caused by a certain disease.

A

Physiologic

Pathologic

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4
Q

Cellular Adaptation (5)

A

A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Metaplasia
E. Dysplasia

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5
Q

Increased SIZE
The organ will become larger.

A

Hypertrophy

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6
Q

Hypertrophy

Increased______
The organ will become larger.

A

SIZE

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7
Q

Increased cell NUMBER
The size can still be the same but for the number of cells, it is increased.

A

Hyperplasia

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8
Q

Hyperplasia

Increased cell_______
The size can still be the same but for the number of cells, it is increased.

A

NUMBER

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9
Q

Decreased SIZE and NUMBER
Decreased in both the size of the cell and the number of cells present.

A

Atrophy

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10
Q

Atrophy
Decreased________

Decreased in both the size of the cell and the number of cells present.

A

SIZE and NUMBER

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11
Q

Change in ONE CELL TYPE TO ANOTHER
It can be the type of epithelial tissue or the type of connective tissue.

A

Metaplasia

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12
Q

Metaplasia

Change in______
It can be the type of epithelial tissue or the type of connective tissue.

A

ONE CELL TYPE TO ANOTHER

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13
Q

Abnormality of cell development

A

Dysplasia

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14
Q

• Occurs on cells that are not capable of dividing.

• Increased Cell Size -› Increased Organ Size

A

HYPERTROPHY

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15
Q

3 TYPES of HYPERTOPHY

A

True Hypertrophy

False Hypertrophy

Compensatory Hypertophy

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16
Q

Hypertophy

Stimulated by hormone.

A

True Hypertrophy

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17
Q

Hypertophy example

during pregnancy, the uterus will adapt with the changes, the level of the hormones will be increased due to increased function demand.

A

True Hypertophy

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18
Q

Due to the excessive accumulation of metabolites

It’s not the cell but the metabolites are increased

A

False Hypertrophy

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19
Q

Hypertophy example

Hepatomegaly

A

False Hypertophy

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20
Q

Hypertrophy

Can occur in organs that are paired (ex. kidney).

For example, if the left kidney is not functioning well, the right kidney will tend to increase in size just to compensate with the function of the left kidney.

A

Compensatory Hypertrophy

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21
Q

Hypertophy example

Regeneration

A

Compensatory Hypertophy

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22
Q

• Adaptive response of the cells that are capable of replication

• Increased Cell Number -> Increased Organ Mass

A

HYPERPLASIA

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23
Q

HYPERPLASIA

Increase in

A

Cell number

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24
Q

Due to proliferative actions of growth factor, and/or stem cells.

A

Hyperplasia

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25
Q

2 DIFFERENT FACTORS of HYPERPLASIA

A

Physiologic factor
Pathologic factor

26
Q

Hyperplasia
Physiologic factor (2)

A

Hormonal

Compensatory

27
Q

• Proliferation of glandular epithelium of the female breast during puberty and pregnancy.
During these developmental stages, the number of cells will tend to increase.

A

Hyperplasia
Physiologic
Hormonal

28
Q

• Left - appearance of the liver of the patients after donation.
.
Right - appearance of the liver after two months.
.
So, the liver will tend to
compensate because of that part that was taken awav durina liver donation.

A

Hyperplasia
Physiologic
Compensatory

29
Q

Hyperplasia

There is an imbalance in number.
This is caused by excessive hormonal or growth factor stimulation.

For example in figure 4, the reason for endometrial hyperplasia is due to increased amount of estrogen.

A

Pathologic Factor

30
Q

• Decreased Cell Size & Number -› Reduce tissue/organ size

31
Q

Atrophy

• Decreased_______ -› Reduce tissue/organ size

A

Cell Size & Number

32
Q

Atrophy

Due to decreased_______, and increased________.

A

protein synthesis

protein degradation

33
Q

2 tyoes of atrophy

A

Physiologic
Pathologic

34
Q

5 types of pathologic atrophy

A

Atrophy of DISUSE

VASCULAR atrophy

STARVATION Atrophy

Loss of Endocrine Hormone Stimulation

Pressure Atrophy (Hydrophenosis)

35
Q

Common to patients who are bedridden or have long hospitalization time.

Just like in the picture (figure 6), the leg will decrease in size because that part is not used.

A

Atrophy ofDisuse

36
Q

Stroke patients
• For example, the right part of the body is not responsive.
So, the blood supply is cut off and it will not be used therefore it will shrink.

A

Atrophy of disuse

37
Q

O The left side of the brain shrank compared to the other side.

o This is due to Ischemia or the blood supply is cut off.

A

Vascular Atrophy

38
Q

O Patients who are malnourished.
Their muscles can shrink because of starvation.

O There is malnutrition, the muscles are broken down.

A

Starvation Atrophy

39
Q

O This will happen to the vagina and uterus of a female after menopause.

O The hormone level will decline thus the vaginal wall will be thin.
For the color, it is a pale, dry, smooth vaginal lining.

O The vaginal canal is shorter compared to the normal one.

O The vagina and uterus will shrink after menopause.

A

Loss of Endocrine Hormone Stimulation

40
Q

This is due to increased pressure, due to blockage of the ureter.

Because of blockage, there is pressure in the renal pelvis and because of this pressure, the blood flow will now decrease therefore it can result to an atrophy.

A

Pressure Atrophy

41
Q

•Change in one cell type to another.

A

METAPLASIA

42
Q

Due to reprogramming of existing stem cells in normal tissue, or of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in order to withstand adverse environments.

A

METAPLASIA

43
Q

Types of metaplasia

A

Epithelial type of adaptation

44
Q

exposure to the smoke, the airway will tend to adapt to the stress brought about by the smoke and when now be converted to stratified squamous.

This is just a benign/non-cancerous type of change from one cell to another.

A

Metaplasia

45
Q

Strongest type of epithelium

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

46
Q

Barrett’s esophagus is an example of

A

Mesenchymal type of cellular adaptation

47
Q

The lining is originally the squamous cell.

This squamous cell will be replaced by intestinal-like columnar cells that are filled with goblet cells.

A

Barrett’s esophagus

48
Q

These cells will release a mucus that can neutralize the acidity in the esophagus.

A

Goblet cells

49
Q

• Malformation, to create, to form a certain tissue or cell.

50
Q

Due to expansion of immature cells, with the corresponding decrease in the number and displace of location of cell.

51
Q

This one is usually the indication of an early neoplastic process or the earliest point/identification that a cancer is already starting.

52
Q

For example in pap smear or biopsy, the pathologist will look for a cell that undergoes_______ because that is a precancerous lesion or identifying point (inform the patient that a cancer is already starting).

53
Q

MICROSCOPIC CHANGES SEEN IN DYSPLASTIC CELL:

A

Anisocytosis
Poikilocytosis
Hyperchromatism
Presence of Mitotic Figures

54
Q

• The cells are unequal in size.

A

Anisocytosis

55
Q

The cells are abnormally shaped.

A

Poikilocytosis

56
Q

The cells are darkly pigmented or they
can absorb stains more

This is due to the increased amount of
_____ on that specific tissue.

A

Hyperchromatism

RNA

57
Q

• An indicative that there is an unusual number of cells that are currently dividing (fast division of cells).

A

Presence of Mitotic Figures

58
Q

There is shrinkage in both the cell size and the cell number.

59
Q

There is an increase in cell number but as to its size it is normal.

A

Hyperplasia

60
Q

The number of cells are still the same but the size of the cell is already larger.

Increase in cell size.

A

Hypertrophy

61
Q

There is a change from one tissue to another.

It can be______ or it can be
______or on the_______

A

Metaplasia

epithelial
mesenchymal
connective tissue

62
Q

There is malformation, the sizes are not uniform, the development is usually late.

The sizes and shapes are different.

Histopath LEC (37 decks)

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