ABNORMALITIES IN CELL GROWTH Flashcards
Abnormalities in Cell Growth
A. Retrogressive
B. Progressive
C. Degenerative
RETROGRESSIVE (2)
Development defects
Atrophy
Development Defects
Hypoplasia
Aplasia
Agenesia
Atresia
• The organs or a part of the tissue is smaller than normal.
RETROGRESSIVE
Incomplete development of the organ
Aplasia
Failure of an organ to develop fully
Hypoplasia
Failure of an organ to form an opening
Atresia
o Acquired decrease of the size of a normally developed organ
Atrophy
PROGRESSIVE
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
The tissue has an increase in size due to the increase in size of the individual cells
Hypertrophy
The tissue has an increase in the number of cells
Hyperplasia
• There is change due to aberrations of cellular growth patterns
• There is disturbance during the pattern of development
DEGENERATIVE
There are four categories of DEGENERATIVE
Dysplasia
Metaplasia
Anaplasia
Neoplasia
• Means “disordered growth”
Dysplasia
Presence of abnormal cells within a tissue (reversible)
Dysplasia
• Reversible
• It involves of transformation of one type of adult cell to another
Metaplasia
Lack of differentiation of cells
irreversible
Anaplasia
Neoplasia means
New growth
• Uncontrolled proliferation of cells with no purpose
Neoplasia
• Mass of neoplastic cells
Tumor/Neoplasm
General Characteristics Of Tumors
• May resemble and function like a normal cell
• Autonomous
• Parasitic nature
• Non-responsive to normal growth factors
Autonomous
Competes with cells for metabolic needs
Parasitic nature
Parts of Tumor
Parenchyma
Stroma
actively dividing
• Darkly stained
An active element of the tumor
Parenchyma
The connective framework with the lymphatic or vascular channels
Stroma (body)
DEATH
CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOR
Benign:
Malignant:
Usually not cause death
Usually causes death
DIFFERENTIATION
CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOR
Benign:
Malignant:
Well-differentiated
Some lack of differentiation
RATE OF GROWTH
CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOR
Benign:
Malignant:
Progressive and slow
Erratic
METASTASIS
CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOR
Benign:
Malignant:
Absent
Frequent
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
GENERAL TUMOR NOMENCLATURE
Benign:
Malignant:
-oma
-carcinoma
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
GENERAL TUMOR NOMENCLATURE
Benign:
Malignant:
- oma
- sarcoma
• Monstrous tumors
Benign type of tumor
It can grow on any part of the body
Teratoma
• Attempts to establish an estimate of the level of malignancy of a tumor
Grading of Tumors
Grading of Tumors
Based on cytologic differentiation of_______ and ______
tumor cells and number of mitoses
cytologic differentiation of tumor cells
Well-differentiated
Undifferentiated
• Tumor cells resemble normal cells
Well-differentiated
• Tumor cells do not resemble normal cells
Undifferentiated
• For the size of the tumor
• Extent of the spread of the cancer cells to the lymph nodes
• Presence of metastasis
staging
Used to classify the grading of tumors
BORDER’S CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOR
BORDER’S CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOR
Differentiated Cells
Grade
l
ll
lll
lV
Grade
l 100-75
ll 75-50
lll 50-25
lV 25-0
BORDER’S CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOR
Undifferentiated Cells
Grade
l
ll
lll
lV
Grade
l 0-25
ll 25-50
lll 50-75
lV 75-100
Limitations of Grading
• It is subjective
• Higher grades of tumor have more tendency to metastasize
• Most sarcomas cannot be graded
Complete non-appearance of an organ
Agenesia
