Infectious Diseases I: Background Flashcards
Gram + stain
dark purple of bluish
Gram - stain
Pink or reddish
Gram + cocci in clsuters
Staphylococcus
Gram + cocci in pairs and chains
Strep pneumoniae (pairs)
Strep
Enterococcus
Gram - cocci
Neisseria
Gram - rods
E. Coli Klebsiella Enterobacter Proteus Pseudomonas H. influenzae
Define “breakpoints”
The usual drug conc that inhibits growth of a bacteria
determined by Clinical & Lab Standards institute
Susceptible means….
The MIC = to the breakpoint
Antibiogram
provides susceptibility patterns at a certain institution over a certain period of time
Common resistant pathogens
S. aureus (MRSA) Entercoccus (VRE) E. Coli (ESBL, CRE) K. pneumoniae (ESBL,CRE) Pseudomonas
primary resistance mechanism of B-lactams
enzyme inactivation
Beta-lactamase
Cell wall inhibitors
Beta lactams Monobactams (aztreonam) Vanco dalbavancin telavancin oritavancin
Protein synthesis inhibitors
AG's macrolides tetracyclines clindamycin Linezolid, tedizolid Quinupristin/dalfopristin
Cell membrane inhibitors
Polymyxin
daptomycin
telavancin
oritavancin
DNA/RNA inhibitors
quinolones
metronidazole
rifampin
Folic acid synthesis inhibitors
Sulfonamides
trimethoprim
dapsone
Hydrophillic agents
beta lactams
AG’s
Daptomycin
glycopeptides (vanco?)
Lipophillic agents
quinolines macrolides rifampin linezolid tetracyclines
Hydrophillic antibiotic characteristics
poor tissue penetration
nephrotoxic
Not active against atypical bacteria (can’t get inside cell)
Might need loading dose for serious illness
Lipophilic antibiotic characteristics
good tissue penetration Hepatotoxicity DDIs active against atypical pathogens PO to IV ratio usually 1:1
Time-dependent antibiotics
beta lactams
Time > MIC
Dose frequently, extended infusions, continuous infusions
Conc-dependent antibiotcs
AG’s
FQ’s
daptomycin
Cmax:MIC
