ImmunoPathology

Question 1

recognition or discrimination between the so-called “self” and “non-self” is the primary role of the;

Answer 1

Immune System

Question 2

why recognition of non-self is important?

Answer 2

to protect against invading
microorganisms, chemical agents, or other foreign substances.

Question 3

Elimination of foreign or non-self of the immune system involves a variety of mechanisms
such as:

Answer 3

1.
Inactivation of biologic agents
2.
Lysis of foreign cells
3.
Agglutination of molecules
4.
Precipitation of molecules or cells
5.
Phagocytosis of foreign materials

Question 4

Immune reactions are divided into two broad categories:

Answer 4

✓ humoral immunity
✓ cellular immunity

Question 5

mediated via production of antibody

Answer 5

B-cell lymphocyte

Question 6

There are five immunoglobulin classes (isotypes) of antibody molecules found in serum:

Answer 6

1. IgA (immunoglobulin A)
2. IgD (immunoglobulin D)
3. IgE (immunoglobulin E)
4. IgG (immunoglobulin G)
5. IgM (immunoglobulin M)

Question 7

ACTION OF ANTIBODIES

Answer 7

✓ agglutinin
✓ anti-toxin
✓ lysin
✓ opsonin
✓ precipitins

Question 8

antibodies that cause agglutination of cells

Answer 8

agglutinin

Question 9

neutralizes toxins or poisons

Answer 9

anti-toxin

Question 10

antibodies that cause lysis of cells

Answer 10

lysin

Question 11

antibodies that present or enhance phagocytosis

Answer 11

opsonin

Question 12

antibodies that cause precipitation

Answer 12

precipitins

Question 13

help B cells make antibody and also help to generate cytotoxic T cells

Answer 13

CD4+helper lymphocytes

Question 14

are cytotoxic; represent about
30% of circulating T lymphocytes

Answer 14

CD8+ suppressor lymphocytes

Question 15

are genetically programmed to recognize specific antigens and can rearrange their alpha and beta genes to respond to antigenic stimuli

Answer 15

T-cell receptors (TCR)

Question 16

process antigen and present it with class II HLA to the CD4+ cells

Answer 16

macrophages

Question 17

elaborated by activated T cells to enhance cellular immune reactions

Answer 17

cytokines such as interleukin (IL) and
tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 18

The reaction of tissues to antigen (AG) is mediated by two cell types:

Answer 18

✓ B- Lymphocytes
✓ T- Lymphocytes

Question 19

Secretes ANTIBODIES after conversion to PLASMA CELLS

Answer 19

B-lymphocytes

Question 20

Responsible for cell-mediated immunity. It does not secrete antibodies. Rather, releases LYMPHOKINES.

Answer 20

T-lymphocytes

Question 21

Mast cell and/or basophil degranulation releases the following pharmacologically and biologically active compounds:

Answer 21

1. Histamine
2. Leukotrienes
3. Eosinophil chemotactic factor
4. Platelet activating factor
5. Kallikrein
6. Platelet aggregating factor
7. Kinins
8. Serotonins
9. Proteolytic substances

Question 22

AGENTS THAT CAUSE ANAPHYLAXIS is numerous and include:

Answer 22

a.
venom or stings of biting insects
b.
vaccines
c.
variety of drugs
d.
food substances
e.
blood donors/blood products

Question 23

Clinical signs can be localized or generalized. Symptoms include:

Answer 23

1. restlessness and excitement
   2.
   facial edema
   3.
   pruritus on affected area
   4.
   salivation
   5.
   lacrimation
   6.
   vomiting
   7.
   diarrhea
   8.
   abdominal pains
   9.
   dyspnea
   10.
   cyanosis
   11.
   shock
   12.
   incoordination
   13.
   convulsions
   14.
   death