Disturbance of Growth

Question 1

Throughout the embryonic and
postnatal development of an animal,
tissues grow mainly by the process of?

Answer 1

cellular division

Question 2

could also be increased by an increase in cell size

Answer 2

tissue mass

Question 3

In the skin, for instance, there is continual replacement of cells at the surface that become keratinized by?

Answer 3

proliferation of basal cell

Question 4

produces epidermal cells, and liver cells produces liver cells and soon

Answer 4

epidermal cell proliferation

Question 5

The
sequence of events
comprising mitosis is called

Answer 5

cell cycle

Question 6

The cell cycle consists of four
stages, what are these?

Answer 6

✓ G1 phase
✓ S phase
✓ G2 phase
✓ M phase

Question 7

In this phase, the cell
cytoplasm and nuclei become enlarge and the nucleoli become prominent,
and there occur active production of
proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Answer 7

G1 Phase

Question 8

in this phase, it is marked by active synthesis of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and occupies about 30-40% of the cycle.

Answer 8

S phase

Question 9

wherein other preparations for cellular division takes place, and
occupies another 10 - 20% of the cycle.

Answer 9

G2 Phase

Question 10

In this phase, daughter cells are
produced which undergo terminal
differentiation and are no longer
capable of cellular division.

Answer 10

M phase

Question 11

may result in either excess or a deficit of
tissue, or may produce an abnormal pattern of development

Answer 11

disturbances in growth

Question 12

During the growth and development of an organ or tissue in the early fetal developmental stage, malformation may occur as a result
of?

Answer 12

genetic or nongenetic influences

Question 13

These malformations are
present at birth and are saidto be

Answer 13

congenital

Question 14

Certain types of developmental abnormalities represent growth abnormalities and these include

Answer 14

✓ agenesis
✓ aplasia
✓ hypoplasia

Question 15

suggests a complete failure of that tissue or organ to develop and is therefore absent.

Answer 15

agenesis

Question 16

implies failure of the tissue or
organ to grow and therefore a
rudimentary organ is present

Answer 16

aplasia

Question 17

is also used to refer to failure of a tissue to renew itself, such as that occurring in bone marrow
leading to aplastic anemia

Answer 17

aplasia

Question 18

refers to failure of an organ to reach its normal size.

Answer 18

hypoplasia

Question 19

occurs in many tissues as part of the normal involution of tissues and organs

Answer 19

physiological atrophy

Question 20

Common examples of psychological atrophy include;

Answer 20

✓ involution of the thymus as the animal matures
✓ the reduction in the
mammary glands of males of species
✓ the postpartum changes in the uterus
✓ the reduction in fetal structures
such as the umbilical vessels and
ductus arteriosus.

Question 21

is also termed as complete atrophy

Answer 21

involution

Question 22

occurs whenever there is deprivation of blood supply,nutritional
requirement,
or hormonal stimulation as a result of some disease thatproduces trophic hormone.

Answer 22

pathological atrophy

Question 23

Types of pathological atrophy includes the following:

Answer 23

✓ Nutritional Atrophy
✓ Vascular Atrophy
✓ Disuse Atrophy
✓ Pressure Atrophy
✓ Endocrine/Hormonal Atrophy
✓ Miscellaneous Atrophy

Question 24

due to inadequate dietary intake or in
chronic starvation

Answer 24

nutritional atrophy

Question 25

as a result of long-standing ischemia

Answer 25

vascular atrophy

Question 26

due to reduced functional activity such as those occurring in paralyzed limbs or those held immobile for some time

Answer 26

disuse atrophy

Question 27

due to long standing pressure that creates inefficient vascular supply to tissues

Answer 27

pressure atrophy

Question 28

due to loss of trophic hormones such as that seen in pituitary disease resulting to generalized somatic atrophy.

Answer 28

endocrine/hormonal atrophy

Question 29

as a result of certain diseases.

Answer 29

miscellaneous atrophy

Question 30

Some Classical Example of Atrophy;

Answer 30

✓ Withered or shrunken limb ✓ Involution of the normal corpus luteum ✓ Pressure atrophy ✓ Disuse atrophy ✓ Serous atrophy of fat

Question 31

a classic response of muscle to denervation

Answer 31

withered or shrunken limb

Question 32

may be considered complete atrophy

Answer 32

Involution of the normal corpus luteum

Question 33

pressure results in a slow localized loss of cells through degeneration and necrosis, as when and expanding testicular tumor presses on surrounding seminiferous tubules

Answer 33

pressure Atrophy

Question 34

a very important lesion to recognize during postmortem examination because it is and indication of emaciation

Answer 34

serous atrophy of fat

Question 35

is most evident on the heart and around the kidneys, as well as in mesenteries

Answer 35

lesion

Question 36

Limb kept in a cast. Due to inactivity it results to reduction in size of the organ

Answer 36

disuse atrophy

Question 37

When there is an increase in workload or endocrine stimulation to an organ or tissue, they respond by either increasing the size of its component cells, or increasing the number of constituent cells.

Question 38

is the increase in the size of the tissue or organ due to an increase in the size of individual cells. In its pure form, it occurs only in muscles in response to increased demand for work.

Answer 38

hypertrophy

Question 39

is an increase in tissue mass or organ size due to an increase in the number of constituent cells

Answer 39

hyperplasia

Question 40

hypertrophy alone occurs in those tissues that are incapable of regeneration, such as?

Answer 40

cardiac muscles and nerve cell bodies

Question 41

Types of hypertrophy and hyperplasia include the following:

Answer 41

✓ Endocrine ✓ Compensatory ✓ Functional ✓ Replacement ✓ Reactive ✓ Neoplastic

Question 42

following increased hormonal stimulation, as in mammary gland during lactation

Answer 42

endocrine

Question 43

especially in paired organ when one is severely damaged, the other will compensate for the lost function, e.g., when onekidney is hypoplastic or surgically removed, the other will enlarge.

Answer 43

compensatory

Question 44

as a response to increased functional demands, e.g.,muscles in repeated heavy exercise, and in left ventricular myocardiumfollowing aortic stenosis

Answer 44

functional

Question 45

as part of the repair process, e.g., healing of fractured bone, and healing of liver defect by regeneration

Answer 45

replacement

Question 46

in response to chronic irritation or infection, e.g., skin thickening in mange mite infestation, enlargement of lymph nodes ininfections

Answer 46

Reactive

Question 47

tumors are formed because of localized areas of increase in cells, and thus, tumors are pathological forms of hyperplasia.

Answer 47

neoplastic

Question 48

With reference to hyperplasia where there is an increase in the number ofconstituent cells, the additional cells form abnormal patterns as follows:

Answer 48

✓ nodular hyperplasia ✓ cystic hyperplasia ✓ papillary hyperplasia ✓ adenomatous hyperplasia

Question 49

when the added tissue mass assumes nodules,e.g., in liver tissue remodeling

Answer 49

nodular hyperplasia

Question 50

when they form spaces lined with epithelia, e.g.,cystic prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 50

cystic hyperplasia

Question 51

form frond like projections, e.g., hyperplasia oflining epithelia of tubular organs

Answer 51

papillary hyperplasia

Question 52

when they form gland-like mass resembling neoplasm

Answer 52

adenomatous hyperplasia

Question 53

NOTE!

Answer 53

Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia is best differentiated by histological than for gross lesion.

Question 54

Metaplasia

Answer 54

✓ is an adaptive response in which one type of mature differentiated tissue is replaced by a different but related tissue type ✓ This response is usually reversible ✓ most commonly seen as a replacement from a specialized tissue type to a less specialized one but more resistant cell type, e.g., from columnar or transitional epithelia to squamous epithelia

Question 55

occurs following prolonged irritation or chronic infection such as that occurring in urinary stones where the bladder epithelia is changed, and innutritional deficiencies e.g.,vitamin A deficiency cause squamous metaplasia of esophageal glands and prostate gland

Answer 55

epithelial metaplasia

Question 56

occurs in association with repair processes (e.g., fibro blast retain their mesenchymal ability to change into another connective tissue types as bone, cartilage orfibrocartilage) .

Answer 56

connective tissue metaplasia

Question 57

does not occur because of alterations in existing mature cells,rather it depends on the proliferation of germinal cells whose progenies undergo a modified differentiation

Answer 57

metaplasia

Question 58

dysplasia means?

Answer 58

abnormal growth

Question 59

it is used in a more restricted sense to describe a proliferative response accompanied by loss of regular differentiation and by cellular atypia and tissue architectural disarray

Answer 59

dysplasia

Question 60

Cellular atypia is characterized by?

Answer 60

pleomorphism and hyperchromicity

Question 61

variation in size and shape

Answer 61

pleomorphism

Question 62

increased staining

Answer 62

hyperchromicity

Question 63

is commonly observed in epithelia subjected to chronic irritation or inflammation.

Answer 63

dysplasia

Question 64

dysplasia change is however reversible but when left alone, may progress to?

Answer 64

neoplasia