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General Veterinary Pathology > Disturbance of Growth > Flashcards

Disturbance of Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Throughout the embryonic and
postnatal development of an animal,
tissues grow mainly by the process of?

A

cellular division

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2
Q

could also be increased by an increase in cell size

A

tissue mass

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3
Q

In the skin, for instance, there is continual replacement of cells at the surface that become keratinized by?

A

proliferation of basal cell

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4
Q

produces epidermal cells, and liver cells produces liver cells and soon

A

epidermal cell proliferation

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5
Q

The
sequence of events
comprising mitosis is called

A

cell cycle

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6
Q

The cell cycle consists of four
stages, what are these?

A

✓ G1 phase
✓ S phase
✓ G2 phase
✓ M phase

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7
Q

In this phase, the cell
cytoplasm and nuclei become enlarge and the nucleoli become prominent,
and there occur active production of
proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

A

G1 Phase

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8
Q

in this phase, it is marked by active synthesis of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and occupies about 30-40% of the cycle.

A

S phase

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9
Q

wherein other preparations for cellular division takes place, and
occupies another 10 - 20% of the cycle.

A

G2 Phase

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10
Q

In this phase, daughter cells are
produced which undergo terminal
differentiation and are no longer
capable of cellular division.

A

M phase

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11
Q

may result in either excess or a deficit of
tissue, or may produce an abnormal pattern of development

A

disturbances in growth

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12
Q

During the growth and development of an organ or tissue in the early fetal developmental stage, malformation may occur as a result
of?

A

genetic or nongenetic influences

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13
Q

These malformations are
present at birth and are saidto be

A

congenital

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14
Q

Certain types of developmental abnormalities represent growth abnormalities and these include

A

✓ agenesis
✓ aplasia
✓ hypoplasia

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15
Q

suggests a complete failure of that tissue or organ to develop and is therefore absent.

A

agenesis

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16
Q

implies failure of the tissue or
organ to grow and therefore a
rudimentary organ is present

A

aplasia

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17
Q

is also used to refer to failure of a tissue to renew itself, such as that occurring in bone marrow
leading to aplastic anemia

A

aplasia

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18
Q

refers to failure of an organ to reach its normal size.

A

hypoplasia

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19
Q

occurs in many tissues as part of the normal involution of tissues and organs

A

physiological atrophy

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20
Q

Common examples of psychological atrophy include;

A

✓ involution of the thymus as the animal matures
✓ the reduction in the
mammary glands of males of species
✓ the postpartum changes in the uterus
✓ the reduction in fetal structures
such as the umbilical vessels and
ductus arteriosus.

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21
Q

is also termed as complete atrophy

A

involution

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22
Q

occurs whenever there is deprivation of blood supply,nutritional
requirement,
or hormonal stimulation as a result of some disease thatproduces trophic hormone.

A

pathological atrophy

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23
Q

Types of pathological atrophy includes the following:

A

✓ Nutritional Atrophy
✓ Vascular Atrophy
✓ Disuse Atrophy
✓ Pressure Atrophy
✓ Endocrine/Hormonal Atrophy
✓ Miscellaneous Atrophy

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24
Q

due to inadequate dietary intake or in
chronic starvation

A

nutritional atrophy

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25
Q

as a result of long-standing ischemia

A

vascular atrophy

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26
Q

due to reduced functional activity such as those occurring in paralyzed limbs or those held immobile for some time

A

disuse atrophy

27
Q

due to long standing pressure that creates inefficient vascular supply to tissues

A

pressure atrophy

28
Q

due to loss of trophic hormones such
as that seen in pituitary disease
resulting to generalized somatic
atrophy.

A

endocrine/hormonal atrophy

29
Q

as a result of certain diseases.

A

miscellaneous atrophy

30
Q

Some Classical Example of Atrophy;

A

✓ Withered or shrunken limb
✓ Involution of the normal corpus
luteum
✓ Pressure atrophy
✓ Disuse atrophy
✓ Serous atrophy of fat

31
Q

a classic response of muscle to denervation

A

withered or shrunken limb

32
Q

may be considered complete atrophy

A

Involution of the normal corpus
luteum

33
Q

pressure results in a slow localized loss of cells through degeneration and necrosis, as when and expanding
testicular tumor presses on
surrounding seminiferous tubules

A

pressure Atrophy

34
Q

a very important lesion to recognize
during postmortem examination
because it is and indication of
emaciation

A

serous atrophy of fat

35
Q

is most evident on the heart
and around the kidneys, as well as in
mesenteries

A

lesion

36
Q

Limb kept in a cast. Due to inactivity it results to reduction in size of the organ

A

disuse atrophy

37
Q

When there is an increase in
workload or endocrine stimulation to
an organ or tissue, they respond by
either increasing the size of its
component cells, or increasing the
number of constituent cells.

A
38
Q

is the increase in the size of the tissue or organ due to an
increase in the size of individual cells. In its pure form, it
occurs only in muscles in response to
increased demand for work.

A

hypertrophy

39
Q

is an increase in tissue mass or organ size due to an increase in the number of
constituent cells

A

hyperplasia

40
Q

hypertrophy alone occurs
in those tissues that are incapable of
regeneration, such as?

A

cardiac muscles and nerve cell bodies

41
Q

Types of hypertrophy and hyperplasia include the following:

A

✓ Endocrine
✓ Compensatory
✓ Functional
✓ Replacement
✓ Reactive
✓ Neoplastic

42
Q

following
increased hormonal stimulation, as in mammary gland during lactation

A

endocrine

43
Q

especially in paired organ when one is severely damaged, the other will
compensate for the lost function, e.g., when onekidney is hypoplastic or
surgically removed, the other will
enlarge.

A

compensatory

44
Q

as a response
to increased functional demands, e.g.,muscles in repeated heavy exercise, and in left ventricular
myocardiumfollowing aortic stenosis

A

functional

45
Q

as part of the repair process, e.g., healing of fractured bone, and healing of liver defect by regeneration

A

replacement

46
Q

in response to chronic irritation or infection, e.g., skin thickening in mange mite infestation, enlargement of lymph nodes ininfections

A

Reactive

47
Q

tumors are formed because of localized areas of increase in cells, and thus, tumors are pathological forms of hyperplasia.

A

neoplastic

48
Q

With reference to hyperplasia
where there is an increase in the
number ofconstituent cells, the
additional cells form abnormal patterns as follows:

A

✓ nodular hyperplasia
✓ cystic hyperplasia
✓ papillary hyperplasia
✓ adenomatous hyperplasia

49
Q

when the added tissue mass assumes
nodules,e.g., in liver tissue remodeling

A

nodular hyperplasia

50
Q

when they form spaces lined with epithelia, e.g.,cystic prostatic hyperplasia

A

cystic hyperplasia

51
Q

form frond like projections, e.g., hyperplasia oflining epithelia of tubular organs

A

papillary hyperplasia

52
Q

when they form gland-like mass
resembling
neoplasm

A

adenomatous hyperplasia

53
Q

NOTE!

A

Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia is
best differentiated by histological than
for gross lesion.

54
Q

Metaplasia

A

✓ is an adaptive response in
which one type of mature
differentiated tissue is replaced by a
different but related tissue type
✓ This response is usually reversible
✓ most commonly seen as a
replacement from a specialized tissue
type to a less specialized one but
more resistant cell type, e.g., from
columnar or transitional epithelia to
squamous epithelia

55
Q

occurs following prolonged irritation or chronic infection such as that occurring in urinary
stones where the bladder epithelia is changed, and innutritional deficiencies e.g.,vitamin A deficiency cause squamous metaplasia of esophageal glands and prostate gland

A

epithelial metaplasia

56
Q

occurs in association with repair
processes (e.g., fibro blast retain their
mesenchymal ability to change into another
connective tissue types as bone, cartilage orfibrocartilage) .

A

connective tissue metaplasia

57
Q

does not occur because of alterations in existing mature cells,rather it depends on the proliferation of germinal cells whose progenies undergo a modified differentiation

A

metaplasia

58
Q

dysplasia means?

A

abnormal growth

59
Q

it is used in a more restricted sense to describe a proliferative response accompanied by loss of regular differentiation and by
cellular atypia and tissue
architectural disarray

A

dysplasia

60
Q

Cellular atypia is characterized by?

A

pleomorphism and hyperchromicity

61
Q

variation in size and shape

A

pleomorphism

62
Q

increased staining

A

hyperchromicity

63
Q

is commonly observed in epithelia subjected to chronic irritation or inflammation.

A

dysplasia

64
Q

dysplasia change is however
reversible but when left alone, may
progress to?

A

neoplasia

General Veterinary Pathology (23 decks)

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