Cellular Adaptations

Question 1

major adaptive responses

Answer 1

✓ atrophy
✓ hypertrophy
✓ hyperplasia
✓ aplasia
✓ hypoplasia
✓ metaplasia
✓ dysplasia

Question 2

whereby a tissue or organ undergoes a reduction in mass (size), due to a decrease in the size and/or number of cells

Answer 2

adaptive response

Question 3

decrease in the amount of a tissue or organ after normal growth has been attained

Answer 3

atrophy

Question 4

organs are increased in size due to an increase in cell size without cellular proliferation

Answer 4

hypertrophy

Question 5

increase in organ size or tissue mass caused by an increase in the number of constituent cells

Answer 5

hyperplasia

Question 6

two main types of reversible cell injury are recognized

Answer 6

cellular swelling and fatty change

Question 7

the most common and most important response to cellular injuries of all types

Answer 7

cellular swelling

Question 8

cellular injuries of all types including;

Answer 8

✓ mechanical
✓ anoxic
✓ toxic
✓ lipid peroxidation
✓ viral
✓ bacterial
✓ immune mechanisms

Question 9

as the process continues many vacuoles or variable size appear in the cytoplasm called?

Answer 9

hydropic or vacuolar degeneration

Question 10

when severe (esp viral infected cells) called?

Answer 10

ballooning degeneration

Question 11

a sick cell. a reversible form of injury. an adaptive change that may progress to cell death (necrosis)

Answer 11

degeneration

Question 12

occurs in various forms of injury. see abnormal accumulation of lipids within the cell. many in cells dependant on fat metabolism

Answer 12

fatty change

Question 13

fatty acids can also be synthesized from?

Answer 13

acetate

Question 14

lipid metabolism and storage in liver

Answer 14

✓ lipids enter hepatocytes as free fatty acids
✓ lipids are metabolized by hepatocytes
✓ lipids are exported from hepatocyte

Question 15

refers to the rapid death of a limited portion of an organism and is considered to be the final stage in irreversible degeneration

Answer 15

necrosis

Question 16

is the term used for the entire process of degeneration and death of cella

Answer 16

necrobiosis

Question 17

Gross indicators/characteristics of necrosis

Answer 17

✓ loss of color or paleness of the tissue
✓ loss of strength of the tissue
✓ definite zone of demarcation
✓ location or pattern of the lesion

Question 18

the morphologic appearance is due to 2 concurrent processes;

Answer 18

✓ denaturation of proteins
✓ enzymatic digestion of the cell

Question 19

also often used to describe the changes that occur in all of the cells after an animal has died

Answer 19

autolysis

Question 20

most common manifestation of cell death

Answer 20

coagulation necrosis

Question 21

predominates over enzymatic digestion

Answer 21

protein denaturation

Question 22

may result from acute deprivation of blood supply

Answer 22

coagulation

Question 23

3 patterns of nuclear changes

Answer 23

✓ karyolysis
✓ pyknosis
✓ karyorrhexis

Question 24

dissolution/fading of the nucleus

Answer 24

karyolysis

Question 25

shrunken and densely basophilic (also seen in apoptosis)

Answer 25

pyknosis

Question 26

nuclear fragmentation

Answer 26

karyorrhexis

Question 27

types of necrosis

Answer 27

✓ coagulation necrosis
✓ liquefactive necrosis
✓ caseous necrosis
✓ gangrenous necrosis
✓ fat necrosis
✓ infarction (ischemic necrosis)
✓ Zenker’s necrosis

Question 28

occurs when enzymatic digestion of necrotic cells predominates over protein denaturation

Answer 28

liquefactive necrosis

Question 29

typical lesion seen with specific bacterial diseases. common in birds since heterophils don’t have the potent hydrodrolytic enzymes to liquefy cells

Answer 29

caseous necrosis

Question 30

necrosis (usually ischemic) of extremities. occurs when saprophytic grow in necrotic tissue

Answer 30

gangrenous necrosis

Question 31

two types of gangrene

Answer 31

✓ dry gangrene
✓ wet gangrene

Question 32

occurs in necrotized portion of the skin with moisture loss due to evaporation and drainage and presence of saprophytic bacteria

Answer 32

dry gangrene

Question 33

when the coagulative necrosis of dry gangrene is modified by the liquefactive action of invading saprophytic. or moist gangrene, color is usually black

Answer 33

wet gangrene

Question 34

type of necrosis distinguished by its location within body fat stores, esp abdominal or subcutaneous fat

Answer 34

fat necrosis

Question 35

a form of coagulative necrosis resulting from a sudden deprivation of blood supply

Answer 35

infarct

Question 36

type coagulative necrosis in striated muscles characterized by loss of striations following necrosis

Answer 36

Zenker’s necrosis

Question 37

is a shallow area of necrosis confined to epidermis that heals without scarring

Answer 37

erosion

Question 38

is an excavation of a surface produced by necrosis and sloughing of the necrotic debris and implies involvement of the tissue below the surface layer.

Answer 38

ulcer

Question 39

is a piece of necrotic tissue in the process of separation from viable tissue and implies a process of shedding when used with reference to a surface

Answer 39

slough

Question 40

an area of liquefactive necrosis of the nervous tissue. literally means softening

Answer 40

malacia

Question 41

an isolated necrotic mass

Answer 41

sequestrum

Question 42

favorable outcome

Answer 42

✓ organization
✓ petrifaction
✓ ossification
✓ aseptic autolysis

Question 43

death of single cells as a result of activation of a genetically programmed “suicide” pathway

Answer 43

apoptosis