Causes of Cell Injury

Question 1

oxygen deficiency. most common cause of all injury and death

Answer 1

hypoxia

Question 2

hypoxia occurs;

Answer 2

1. deficient blood supply
2. reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
3. interference of respiratory chain or oxidative phosphorylation

Question 3

deficiency of blood supply from impeded arterial flow or reduced venous drainage

Answer 3

ischemia

Question 4

localised area of ischemic necrosis

Answer 4

infarction

Question 5

reduced of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

Answer 5

✓ due to anemia
✓ due to Hb dysfunction

Question 6

Causes of Cell Injury

Answer 6

1. Hypoxia
2. Physical Agents
3. Chemical drugs and Toxins
4. Infectious Agents
5. Immunological reactions
6. Genetic Abnormalities
7. Nutritional Imbalances
8. Workload Imbalances
9. Cell Aging

Question 7

severity of a physical injury may be increased by tissue hypoxia due to associated local vascular injury.

Answer 7

physical agents

Question 8

commonly known as poisons cause severe damage at the cellular level

Answer 8

chemical drugs and toxins

Question 9

agents range from the submicroscopic viruses to the large tapeworms.

Answer 9

infectious agents

Question 10

immune reactions may also cause all injury

Answer 10

immunological reactions

Question 11

defects may cause cell injury. Example; cell damage due to alterations at the level of DNA.

Answer 11

Genetic Abnormalities

Question 12

such as avitaminosis and others are important causes of cell injury

Answer 12

nutritional imbalances

Question 13

prolonged stimulus

Answer 13

workload Imbalances

Question 14

natural aging, premature aging

Answer 14

cell aging

Question 15

Mnemonic acronym for agents of disease double “MINT”

Answer 15

✓Malformation-Miscellaneous
✓Infectious-Immune
✓Nutritional-Neoplastic
✓Trauma-Toxicity

Question 16

reduction in numbers or volume of erythrocytes or quantity of hemoglobin

Answer 16

due to anemia

Question 17

carbon monoxide poisoning

Answer 17

due to Hb dysfunction

Question 18

lacerations or crush injuries

Answer 18

direct mechanical trauma

Question 19

heat (thermal burn) cold (frostbite)

Answer 19

temperature extremes

Question 20

radioactive isotope emissions or electromagnetic radiation (eg. UV light, x-ray)

Answer 20

radiation

Question 21

pets chewing electric cords, faulty writing in barns, lightning strike, etc

Answer 21

electrocution

Question 22

marine mammals have mechanisms to mostly avoid the “bends”

Answer 22

sudden changes in atmospheric pressure

Question 23

physical agents

Answer 23

• direct mechanical trauma
• temperature extremes
• radiation
• electrocution
• sudden changes in atmospheric pressure

Question 24

chemical, drugs and toxins

Answer 24

• inorganic poisons
• organic poisons
• manufactured chemicals
• physiologic compounds
• plant toxins
• animal toxins
• bacterial toxins/mycotoxins

Question 25

infectious agents

Answer 25

• viruses
• bacteria
• fungi
• protozoa
• metazoan parasite

Question 26

immunologic reactions

Answer 26

• immune response
• hypersensitivity reactions
• autoimmune diseases

Question 27

genetic abnormalities

Answer 27

• cytogenetic disorders
• mendelian disorders
• multifactorial inheritance

Question 28

nutritional Imbalances

Answer 28

• deficiencies
• overnutrition

Question 29

workload Imbalances

Answer 29

• overworked cells
• underworked cells

Question 30

cell injury occurs if stimulus prolonged and/or exceeds ability to adapt

Answer 30

overworked cells

Question 31

prolonged lack of stimulation can lead to atrophy and eventually the loss of cells

Answer 31

underworked cells

Question 32

the cumulative effects of a life time of cell damage leads to a diminished capacity of aged cells/tissues to maintain homeostasis and adapt to harmful stimuli

Answer 32

cell aging

Question 33

reduction in numbers or volume of erythrocytes or quantity of hemoglobin (Hb)

Answer 33

anemia