Definition and Terminology Flashcards
cells are able to maintain normal structure and function in response to normal physiologic demands
homeostasis
example of homeostasis
ion balance, pH, energy metabolism
any stimulus or succession of stimuli of such magnitude that tend to disrupt the homeostasis of the organism
stress
as cell encounter some stresses they make functional or structural adaptations to maintain viability/homeostasis
cellular adaptation
adaptive processes
atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
sequence of events
cell injury
is stimulus persist the cell will suffer irreversible cell injury and death
irreversible cell injury/cell death
removal of stress/injurious stimulus result in complete restoration of structural and functional integrity
reversible cell injury
one of the moat crucial events in pathology and can affect any type of cell
cell death
type of cell death characterized by sever membrane injury and enzymatic degradation; always a pathologic process
necrosis
regulated form of cell death; can be a physiologic or pathologic process
apoptosis
External Agents
PHYSICAL
°mechanical trauma (compression)
°electrical trauma (lightning)
°heat (heatstroke)
°cold (cold shock)
°radiant energy (ultraviolet light)
°pressure (increased or decreased)
external Agents
CHEMICAL
°biologic toxins (bacterial toxins)
°therapeutic toxins (tetracycline)
°pesticides (organophosphates)
°herbicides (paraquat)
°environmental toxins (metal, nitrates)
°dietary excess (vitamins A and D?
External Agents
BIOLOGICAL
°acellular agents (viruses, prions)
°prokaryotes (bacteria)
°eukaryotes (fungi, algae, protozoa)
°metazoan parasites (cestodes, nematodes, trematodes, insect)
External Deficiencies
NUTRITIONAL
protein, vitamins, calories
