Disturbances in Circulation Flashcards
Too much blood; a lesion in which excess blood may be drawn into an area
hyperemia
what is hyperemia?
Too much blood; a lesion in which excess blood may be drawn into an area
Usually at the __________ of the circulation
arterial site
physiologic in hyperemia
° Post-prandial gastric
° blushing
° Stimulation of erectile tissue
Pathologic (abnormal) hyperemia factors to consider:
° duration (chronic)
° extent (general, location)
° mechanism (active, passive)
patterns of hyperemia
- Acute local active – inflammatory
- Acute local passive – obstruction
- Chronic local passive – obstruction
- Chronic general passive – Cardio-pulmonary problem (e.g. CHF)
a long term condition wherein heart can’t pump blood well enough to give your body enough blood supply; as a result, blood and fluids collect in the lungs and leak over time
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Main causes of CHF
Coronary artery diseases
Two types of CHF:
left sided and right sided
left ventricle of the heart no longer pumps enough around the body, then blood builds up in the pulmonary veins or the blood vessels that carry the blood away from the lungs (which causes shortness in
breathing, coughing)
left sided
right ventricle is too weak to pump blood towards the lungs (which causes swelling and shortness of breathing)
right sided
RBCs are present outside the blood vessel; escape of blood from the vascular system
hemorrhage
Two processes of hemorrhage:
a. Hemorrhage rhexis – injured or destructed vessel
b. Hemorrhage diapedesis – rbc escaped from intact vessels
injured or destructed vessel
hemorrhage rhexis
rbc escaped from intact vessels
hemorrhage diapedesis
causes of hemorrhage
a. Trauma
b. Systemic damage
c. Hemorrhagic diathesis
Effects of hemorrhage depend on;
a. location
b. volume of blood lost
c. rate of blood lost
Resolution
Resolution and organization
tiny pinpoint, measuring 1-2 mm size foci
Petechiae/Petechial hemorrhage
larger areas of hemorrhage measuring 2 to 3 cm size
Ecchymosis/Ecchymotic hemorrhage
refers to extensive streaking with hemorrhage (like a splashed red paint on the tissue)
paint -brush
usually occur on serosal or mucosal surfaces (visible but cannot be palpated)
Petechia, Ecchymosis, Paint-brush
extensive hemorrhage within the tissue
extravasation
can be palpated; occurrence of sufficient red cells that come out in one area to form lump (sometimes fluid/blood) Example: Auricular hematoma in Shih tzu
hematocyst/hematoma
clinical term applied to an animal that has extensive petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on the
surface in mucousal/serosal disease; a descriptive term that does not imply specific disease
purpura
nasal bleeding
epistaxis
Massive hemorrhage in the body cavity
depending on the areas affected
Hemoperitoneum
Hemopericardium
Hemothorax
hemorrhage in the joint cavity
hemarthrosis
coughing out of blood
hemoptysis
passage of blood from the alimentary tract (or digestive tract)
entorrhagia
passage of blood through the uterus
metrorrhagia
vomition of blood
hematemesis
externalization of red blood through the ear canal
otorhaggia
skin lesion as a result of hemorrhage
bruise
defecation of blood
hematochezia
partial reduction of blood supply/no oxygen
hypoxia
absence or complete reduction of blood supply
anoxia
localized anemia or reduction of blood flow
ischemia
causes of ischemia
- Compression of blood vessels
- Obstruction of blood vessels (Thrombosis, embolism)
- Functional disturbance in tissue
Functional disturbance in tissue such as:
° stagnant anoxia
° anoxic anoxia
° anemic anoxia
° histotoxix anoxia
reduction in the flow of oxygenated blood
stagnant anoxia
inadequate supply of oxygenated blood
anoxic anoxia
low hemoglobin content or reduced capacity of blood to carry oxygen
anemic anoxia
inability of cells to utilize oxygen
histotoxic anoxia
results to infarction if it lodges in organs with so called “end arteries”
ischemia
organs that are affected in ischemia
kidneys, spleen, brain
if ischemia is partial or gradual it would result to
atrophy
if complete ischemia it would result to
infarction
Refers to acute ischemic coagulation
necrosis of an area or tissue
infarction
an area that is necrotized
infarct
Effects of ischemia depend on
- Organ involved
- Degree of occlusion
- Collateral circulation
- Size of blood vessel
Organs susceptible to infarction:
brain, kidney, spleen
Resistant to infarction:
skeletal system, tubular organs, dual blood supply (such as liver and lungs)
is the formation of ante-mortem clot; formation of ante-mortem intravascular blood clot
thrombosis
formed blood clot. A solid structure formed in the bloodstream from the normal constituents of the blood (such as coagulation
factors, hormones)
thrombus
Causes of thrombosis:
- Endothelial damage
- Hypercoagulability
- Flow of changes
Causes of Thrombosis (Virchow’s Triad of Thrombosis)
- Changes in the rate of flow
- Injury to the vessel
- Changes in the blood
achieved if there is only minor vascular injury through resorption of the fibrin
by fibrinolysis and neutrophil
Lysis and complete removal
formed from beta globulin called plasminogen
plasmin
a normal component of serum, and is activated
during stress, infection or shock, as well as being released from injured tissue
plasminogen
fibrin thrombi present in capillaries
hyaline thrombi
Detached thrombi in the blood vessel wall
embolus
classification of thrombus based on location on blood vascular system
i.
Cardiac
ii.
Arterial
iii.
Venous
iv.
Lymphatics
v.
Capillary
attached on endocardial wall
mural thrombi
attached to heart valves
valvular thrombi
blocks the entire circumference of the blood vessel
occluding thrombi
allows partial blood flow
canalised thrombi
straddle the bifurcation of blood vesse
saddle thrombi
one end attached to vessel wall and the other end moving
freely
Obturating thrombi or trailing thromb
contain bacteria
septic thrombi
no pathogenic agent present
aseptic thrombi
contains parasites
parasitic thrombi
composed of all blood cell components
red thrombi
composed entirely of platelets
pale or white thrombi
composed of red and white thrombi
laminated or mixed thrombi
TRUE OR FALSE
Thrombi may cause injuries or embolism when detached from the vessel wall
true
refers to a process where a solid mass (emboli) is transported from one part of the body to another
through the circulatory system
embolism
Apart from fragments of thrombi, emboli may be;
parasites, bacteria, fungi, foreign
bodies and gas bubbles.
a process where floating bodies (embolus/emboli) are transported in the bloodstream
embolism
formation of blood clot in the free-flowing blood
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy
Effects of DIC include;
hemorrhagic diatheses or uncontrolled bleeding tendencies
