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PHYSL 212 > IMMUNOLOGY 3 > Flashcards

IMMUNOLOGY 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what do T cells express to allow them to recognize antigens

A

T-cell receptors (TCR)

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2
Q

what are TCR

A

membrane receptors

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3
Q

what is TCR composed of

A
  1. variable domain

2. constant domain

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4
Q

what is variable domain susceptible to

A

DNA recombination

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5
Q

what is the function of constant domain

A

lift receptor away from mem

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6
Q

what does TCR recognize

A
  1. MHC molecule

2. peptide / antigen being presented by MHC molecule

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7
Q

what do mature T cells have

A

co recepotrs

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8
Q

what is the function of T cell co receptors

A

recognize MHC molecules

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9
Q

what are 2 T cell co receptors

A

CD4 ==> bind MHC 2

CD8 ==> bind MHC 1

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10
Q

T CELL DEVELOPMENT what are the steps in T cell development

A
  1. double neg to double pos
  2. double pos to single pos
  3. single pos to naive T cell
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11
Q

T CELL DEVELOPMENT what are double neg T cells lacking

A
  1. co receptors

2. TCR

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12
Q

T CELL DEVELOPMENT what does double pos T cell possess

A
  1. CD4

2. CD8

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13
Q

T CELL DEVELOPMENT what happens when going from double pos to single pos

A

lose one of co receptors

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14
Q

what do T cells recognize

A

processed antigens

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15
Q

what do T cells not recognize

A

free antigens

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16
Q

what is a processed antigen

A

antigen bound to MHC molecule

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17
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what is first signal in T cell activation

A
  1. TCR engagement with antigen / peptide

2. co receptor engagement with antigen / peptide

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18
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what is second signal in T cell activation

A

co stimulatory molecule engagement

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19
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what allows for co stimulatory molecule engagement

A

adhesion molecules

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20
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what expresses adhesion molecules

A
  1. TCR

2. APC

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21
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what is the function of co stimulatory interaction

A

strengthen interaction bw T cell and APC

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22
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what is the third signal of T cell activation

A

cytokines

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23
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what is the function of cytokines in T cell activation

A

direct T cell differentiation from naiveT cell to effector T cell

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24
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what is IL-2

A

cytokine

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25
T CELL ACTIVATION what is the function of Il-2
stimulate T cell proliferation to increase number r of effector T cells
26
T CELL ACTIVATION what is anergy
when TCR binds to MHC in absence of second signal
27
T CELL ACTIVATION what does anergy cause
T cell becomes unresponsive
28
T CELL ACTIVATION what does co stimulation prevent
T cells escaping thymus and initiating unnecessary auto reactive immune response
29
T CELL ACTIVATION what is the extra signal required for CD8 T T cell activation
co stimulation by CD4 T cells
30
T CELL ACTIVATION what are 2 ways CD8 T cell acquires extra signal
1. sequential | 2. simultaneous
31
T CELL ACTIVATION why is CD4 T cell co stimulation important
CD8 T cells harmful when unnecessarily activated
32
T CELL ACTIVATION what happens during simultaneous stimulation
CD4 and CD8 T cell engage w APC at same time
33
T CELL ACTIVATION what happens during sequential stimulation
1. CD4 cell engages w APC to licence engagement w naive CD8 | 2. naive CD8 cell become effector CD8
34
CLONAL EXPANSION what stimulates proliferation of T cell clones
cytokines
35
CLONAL EXPANSION what is clonal expansion
proliferation of T cell clones
36
CLONAL EXPANSION what is the purpose of clonal expansion
not feasible to keep large number of T cell clones in body for all diff pathogens
37
CLONAL EXPANSION when can clonal expansion occur
after first contact w antigen
38
CLONAL EXPANSION what happens once clones eliminate pathogen
decrease cytokine production
39
CLONAL EXPANSION what happens to effector T cells after eliminating pathogen
1. die | 2. remain as memory T cells
40
CLONAL EXPANSION what are memory T cells involved in
second exposure to same antigen
41
T CELL MEMORY what are 3 characteristics of memory T cells
1. long-lived 2. quiet 3. survive even after pathogen eliminated
42
T CELL MEMORY why are memory T cells important
respond w higher reactivity to infection by same antigen
43
T CELL MEMORY what are characteristics of secondary response as a result of memory
1. faster 2. more effective 3. greater mag
44
where do T cells recognize antigens
1. as naive T cells ==> lymphoid tissue | 2. as effector T cells ==> site of infection
45
what is T cell response to first encounter w antigen
differentiate into effector T cell
46
what is T cell response to second encounter w antigen
eliminate pathogen
47
T HELPER when it Th2 activated
in response to worm
48
T HELPER when is Th 1 activated
1. in response to virus | 2. in response to bacteria
49
T HELPER what happens when Th1 activated
macrophages enhance phagocytic activity naive CD8 cells become effector CD8 cells
50
T HELPER what signature cytokine secreted by Th1
INF gamma
51
T HELPER what kind of cytokine if INF gamma
macrophage activating cytokine
52
T HELPER what happens when Th2 cells secrete cytokines
1. cytokines stimulate B cells to differentiate into plasma cells 2. plasma cells produce IgE antibodies 3. IgE antibodies link worm to mast cells 4. mast cells release granules activates eosinophils activates intestinal mucous secretion activates intestinal peristalsis
53
T HELPER when are Th17 cells activated
1. in response to bacteria | 2. in response to fungus
54
T HELPER what is the function of Th 17 cells (3)
1. induce inflammation 2. maintain integrity of epithelial barrier 3. stimulate production of antimicrobial peptides
55
T HELPER what happens when Th17 cell secrete cytokines
1. stimulates production of chemokines | 2. chemokines recruit WBC to site of infection
56
T HELPER what is the function of T reg
inhibit T cell proliferation
57
T HELPER what does survival of T reg depend on
Il-2 cytokine
58
T HELPER what is the function of Il-2 cytokine
1. promote immune response by stimulating T cell proliferation 2. inhibit immune response by maintaining T reg survival
59
T HELPER what happens when Treg activated
1. consume IL-2 to inhibit T cell proliferation 2. produce cytokines to inhibit T cell effector mechanisms 3. block co stimulatory interaction 4. cause cytotoxicity
60
T CYTOTOXIC what kind of pathogens does CD8 eliminate
intracellular pathogens
61
T CYTOTOXIC what are 2 effector mechanisms of CD8 cells
1. degranulation | 2. Fas / Fas L
62
T CYTOTOXIC what is end result of 2 effector mechanisms
apoptosis (not cell lysis)
63
T CYTOTOXIC what are
1. CD8 recognizes antigen 2. CD8 forms conjugate w target (kiss of death) 3. CD8 moves golgi + granules to point of contact 4. CD8 releases granules through exocytosis 5. granules cause target to undergo apoptosis
64
T CYTOTOXIC what do CD8 granules contain
1. granzyme B | 2. perforin
65
T CYTOTOXIC what is the function of perforin
form pores in PM of target cell
66
T CYTOTOXIC what is the function of granzyme B
1. enter target cell via pores | 2. activate caspases that induce apoptosis
67
T CYTOTOXIC what is Fas
transmem protein that is expressed by a. tumor cells b. infected cells
68
T CYTOTOXIC what expresses FasL
CD8
69
T CYTOTOXIC what are 3 steps in Fas / FasL effector mech
1. binding of FasL to Fas 2. caspase activation 3. apoptosis
70
NK what is the function of NK cells during first 7 days of infection
control development of infection through cytotoxic activity
71
NK what is the function of B and T cells during first t days of infection
nothing ==> still being produced
72
NK what are 2 ways NK cells kill pathogens
1. inducing apoptosis | 2. stimulating macrophage activation
73
NK what is effector mechanism for inducing apoptosis
1. degranulation 2. Fas/ FasL (same as CD8)

PHYSL 212 (22 decks)

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