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PHYSL 212 > IMMUNOLOGY 3 > Flashcards

IMMUNOLOGY 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what do T cells express to allow them to recognize antigens

A

T-cell receptors (TCR)

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2
Q

what are TCR

A

membrane receptors

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3
Q

what is TCR composed of

A
  1. variable domain

2. constant domain

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4
Q

what is variable domain susceptible to

A

DNA recombination

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5
Q

what is the function of constant domain

A

lift receptor away from mem

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6
Q

what does TCR recognize

A
  1. MHC molecule

2. peptide / antigen being presented by MHC molecule

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7
Q

what do mature T cells have

A

co recepotrs

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8
Q

what is the function of T cell co receptors

A

recognize MHC molecules

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9
Q

what are 2 T cell co receptors

A

CD4 ==> bind MHC 2

CD8 ==> bind MHC 1

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10
Q

T CELL DEVELOPMENT what are the steps in T cell development

A
  1. double neg to double pos
  2. double pos to single pos
  3. single pos to naive T cell
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11
Q

T CELL DEVELOPMENT what are double neg T cells lacking

A
  1. co receptors

2. TCR

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12
Q

T CELL DEVELOPMENT what does double pos T cell possess

A
  1. CD4

2. CD8

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13
Q

T CELL DEVELOPMENT what happens when going from double pos to single pos

A

lose one of co receptors

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14
Q

what do T cells recognize

A

processed antigens

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15
Q

what do T cells not recognize

A

free antigens

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16
Q

what is a processed antigen

A

antigen bound to MHC molecule

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17
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what is first signal in T cell activation

A
  1. TCR engagement with antigen / peptide

2. co receptor engagement with antigen / peptide

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18
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what is second signal in T cell activation

A

co stimulatory molecule engagement

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19
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what allows for co stimulatory molecule engagement

A

adhesion molecules

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20
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what expresses adhesion molecules

A
  1. TCR

2. APC

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21
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what is the function of co stimulatory interaction

A

strengthen interaction bw T cell and APC

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22
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what is the third signal of T cell activation

A

cytokines

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23
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what is the function of cytokines in T cell activation

A

direct T cell differentiation from naiveT cell to effector T cell

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24
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what is IL-2

A

cytokine

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25
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what is the function of Il-2

A

stimulate T cell proliferation to increase number r of effector T cells

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26
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what is anergy

A

when TCR binds to MHC in absence of second signal

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27
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what does anergy cause

A

T cell becomes unresponsive

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28
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what does co stimulation prevent

A

T cells escaping thymus and initiating unnecessary auto reactive immune response

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29
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what is the extra signal required for CD8 T T cell activation

A

co stimulation by CD4 T cells

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30
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what are 2 ways CD8 T cell acquires extra signal

A
  1. sequential

2. simultaneous

31
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION why is CD4 T cell co stimulation important

A

CD8 T cells harmful when unnecessarily activated

32
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what happens during simultaneous stimulation

A

CD4 and CD8 T cell engage w APC at same time

33
Q

T CELL ACTIVATION what happens during sequential stimulation

A
  1. CD4 cell engages w APC to licence engagement w naive CD8

2. naive CD8 cell become effector CD8

34
Q

CLONAL EXPANSION what stimulates proliferation of T cell clones

A

cytokines

35
Q

CLONAL EXPANSION what is clonal expansion

A

proliferation of T cell clones

36
Q

CLONAL EXPANSION what is the purpose of clonal expansion

A

not feasible to keep large number of T cell clones in body for all diff pathogens

37
Q

CLONAL EXPANSION when can clonal expansion occur

A

after first contact w antigen

38
Q

CLONAL EXPANSION what happens once clones eliminate pathogen

A

decrease cytokine production

39
Q

CLONAL EXPANSION what happens to effector T cells after eliminating pathogen

A
  1. die

2. remain as memory T cells

40
Q

CLONAL EXPANSION what are memory T cells involved in

A

second exposure to same antigen

41
Q

T CELL MEMORY what are 3 characteristics of memory T cells

A
  1. long-lived
  2. quiet
  3. survive even after pathogen eliminated
42
Q

T CELL MEMORY why are memory T cells important

A

respond w higher reactivity to infection by same antigen

43
Q

T CELL MEMORY what are characteristics of secondary response as a result of memory

A
  1. faster
  2. more effective
  3. greater mag
44
Q

where do T cells recognize antigens

A
  1. as naive T cells ==> lymphoid tissue

2. as effector T cells ==> site of infection

45
Q

what is T cell response to first encounter w antigen

A

differentiate into effector T cell

46
Q

what is T cell response to second encounter w antigen

A

eliminate pathogen

47
Q

T HELPER when it Th2 activated

A

in response to worm

48
Q

T HELPER when is Th 1 activated

A
  1. in response to virus

2. in response to bacteria

49
Q

T HELPER what happens when Th1 activated

A

macrophages enhance phagocytic activity

naive CD8 cells become effector CD8 cells

50
Q

T HELPER what signature cytokine secreted by Th1

A

INF gamma

51
Q

T HELPER what kind of cytokine if INF gamma

A

macrophage activating cytokine

52
Q

T HELPER what happens when Th2 cells secrete cytokines

A
  1. cytokines stimulate B cells to differentiate into plasma cells
  2. plasma cells produce IgE antibodies
  3. IgE antibodies link worm to mast cells
  4. mast cells release granules

activates eosinophils

activates intestinal mucous secretion

activates intestinal peristalsis

53
Q

T HELPER when are Th17 cells activated

A
  1. in response to bacteria

2. in response to fungus

54
Q

T HELPER what is the function of Th 17 cells (3)

A
  1. induce inflammation
  2. maintain integrity of epithelial barrier
  3. stimulate production of antimicrobial peptides
55
Q

T HELPER what happens when Th17 cell secrete cytokines

A
  1. stimulates production of chemokines

2. chemokines recruit WBC to site of infection

56
Q

T HELPER what is the function of T reg

A

inhibit T cell proliferation

57
Q

T HELPER what does survival of T reg depend on

A

Il-2 cytokine

58
Q

T HELPER what is the function of Il-2 cytokine

A
  1. promote immune response by stimulating T cell proliferation
  2. inhibit immune response by maintaining T reg survival
59
Q

T HELPER what happens when Treg activated

A
  1. consume IL-2 to inhibit T cell proliferation
  2. produce cytokines to inhibit T cell effector mechanisms
  3. block co stimulatory interaction
  4. cause cytotoxicity
60
Q

T CYTOTOXIC what kind of pathogens does CD8 eliminate

A

intracellular pathogens

61
Q

T CYTOTOXIC what are 2 effector mechanisms of CD8 cells

A
  1. degranulation

2. Fas / Fas L

62
Q

T CYTOTOXIC what is end result of 2 effector mechanisms

A

apoptosis (not cell lysis)

63
Q

T CYTOTOXIC what are

A
  1. CD8 recognizes antigen
  2. CD8 forms conjugate w target (kiss of death)
  3. CD8 moves golgi + granules to point of contact
  4. CD8 releases granules
    through exocytosis
  5. granules cause target to undergo apoptosis
64
Q

T CYTOTOXIC what do CD8 granules contain

A
  1. granzyme B

2. perforin

65
Q

T CYTOTOXIC what is the function of perforin

A

form pores in PM of target cell

66
Q

T CYTOTOXIC what is the function of granzyme B

A
  1. enter target cell via pores

2. activate caspases that induce apoptosis

67
Q

T CYTOTOXIC what is Fas

A

transmem protein that is expressed by

a. tumor cells
b. infected cells

68
Q

T CYTOTOXIC what expresses FasL

A

CD8

69
Q

T CYTOTOXIC what are 3 steps in Fas / FasL effector mech

A
  1. binding of FasL to Fas
  2. caspase activation
  3. apoptosis
70
Q

NK what is the function of NK cells during first 7 days of infection

A

control development of infection through cytotoxic activity

71
Q

NK what is the function of B and T cells during first t days of infection

A

nothing ==> still being produced

72
Q

NK what are 2 ways NK cells kill pathogens

A
  1. inducing apoptosis

2. stimulating macrophage activation

73
Q

NK what is effector mechanism for inducing apoptosis

A
  1. degranulation
  2. Fas/ FasL
    (same as CD8)

PHYSL 212 (22 decks)

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