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PHYSL 212 > IMMUNOLOGY > Flashcards

IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

what does immune response involve (4)

A
  1. recognize pathogen
  2. intracellular or extracellular cascade of events
  3. label pathogen
  4. destruct pathogen
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2
Q

what are 2 types of immune responses

A
  1. passive immune response

2. active immune response

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3
Q

PASSIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what is passive immune response

A

protection is transferred bw individuals

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4
Q

PASSIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what does person receive in passive immune response

A

antibody

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5
Q

PASSIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE where does antibody received in passive immune response come from

A

another person

another animal

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6
Q

PASSIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what is the consequence of passive immune response

A

immunity has short duration

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7
Q

PASSIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what does it mean if immunity has short duration

A

person will no longer have immunity when pathogen eliminated from body

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8
Q

ACTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what is active immune response

A

individual builds own immune response

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9
Q

ACTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what are 2 ways individual can build immune response

A
  1. vaccination

2. acquire infection naturally

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10
Q

ACTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what are characteristics of active immune response

A
  1. slow

2. renewable

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11
Q

ACTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE why is active immune response renewable

A

immunological memory generated

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12
Q

INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE why is it called innate immune response

A

born with it

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13
Q

INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE how doe innate immune response act

A

fast

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14
Q

INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE why does innate immune response act fast

A

non specific

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15
Q

INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE what is the function of innate immune response

A

contain infection to prepare for adaptive immune response

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16
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE how does adaptive immune response act

A

slow

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17
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE why is adaptive immune response slow (2)

A
  1. T and B cells need to recognize specific antigens

2. T and B lymphocytes need to build adaptive immune response

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18
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what does adaptive immune response generate

A

memory

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19
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what can adaptive immune response be divided into

A
  1. cell mediated

2. antibody mediated (humoral)

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20
Q

how can innate and adaptive communicate with each other

A
  1. through cytokines

2. through cell to cell contact

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21
Q

what is an antigen

A
  • any substance that initiates immune response

- live or not live

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22
Q

what is epitope

A

part of antigen that is recognized by immune system

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23
Q

what is pathogen

A
  • organism causing disease

- live

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24
Q

what is pathogenesis

A

process by which pathogen induces illness or disease

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25
where do WBC circulate
1. blood | 2. lymph
26
where do RBC circulate
1. blood
27
how do WBC s get into lymphatic vessels
1. blood vessel to interstitial space | 2. interstitial space to lymphatic vessel
28
what happens when WBC s enter lymphatic vessels
become part of lymph
29
how do WBC s get back into blood vessels
drained into blood circulation
30
what are 2 sites of drainage back into blood circulation
1. right subclavian vein | 2. left subclavian vein
31
what are 3 main functions of lymphatic system
1. drain excess interstitial fluid 2. transport lipids 3. carry out immune response
32
PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what are primary lymphoid organs (2)
1. bone marrow | 2. thymus
33
PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what are primary lymphoid organs site of
WBC maturation
34
PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS where to B cells mature
bone marrow
35
PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS where do T cells mature
thymus
36
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what are secondary lymphoid organs
1. spleen 2. lymph nodes 3. other not so highly organized tissues
37
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what do WBCs do in lymph nodes
search for antigens
38
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what happens if a WBC finds antigen in lymph node
1. remain in lymph node 2. proliferate (swelling) 3. become effector cell 4. leave and fight infection where needed
39
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what happens to antigens in lymph node
trapped in network of fibres that enhances antigen presentation
40
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what is main function of lymph nodes
first encounter with antigen
41
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what can spleen be divided into
1. red pulp | 2. white pulp
42
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what happens in white pulp
RBC destruction
43
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what happens in white pulp
1. WBC finds antigen 2. WBC proliferates 3. WBC becomes effector cell 4. WBC leaves and fights infection where needed
44
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what are barrier organs
1. skin 2. GI tract 3. resp tract 4. urogenital tract
45
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what are barrier organs exposed to
external enviro
46
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what is the function of barrier organs
protect us from pathogens that break through epithelial layer
47
SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what is located underneath epithelial barrier
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
48
WBC where do all immune cells come from
hematopoietic stem cell
49
WBC where is hematopoietic stem cell located
bone marrow
50
WBC what happens when hematopoietic stem cell divides
1. one daughter remains stem cell | 2. one daughter differentiates
51
WBC what can daughter differentiate into
1. myeloid stem cell | 2. lymphoid stem cell
52
WBC what do myeloid stem cells give rise to (4)
1. RBC 2. granulocytes 3. monocytes 4. platelets
53
WBC what do lymphoid cells give rise to (3)
1. NK 2. T cell 3. B cell
54
WBC what do granulocytes have in their cyto
granules
55
WBC what are 4 types of granulocytes
1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. basophils 4. mast cells
56
WBC what is the function of neutrophils
- first responder to infections | - phagocytosis
57
WBC what are neutrophils involved in
1. bacterial / fungal infection | 2. acute inflammation
58
WBC what distinguishes eosinophils
orange granules
59
WBC what are eosinophils involved in
1. parasitic infection | 2. allergic reaction
60
WBC what is the function of eosinophils
- degranulate - release cytokines - release chemokines
61
WBC what are cytokines and chemokines important for
recruiting other cells during inflammation
62
WBC what distinguishes basophils
large amount of granules
63
WBC what are basophils involved in
1. parasitic infection | 2. allergic reaction
64
WBC what can be found in granules of basophils
1. histamine | 2. heparin
65
WBC what is the function of histamine
increase blood flow to site of infection
66
WBC what is heparin
anti-clotting factor
67
WBC what are mast cells involved in
1. parasitic infection | 2. allergic reaction
68
WBC what is the function of mast cells
- produce prostaglandins | - produce cytokines
69
WBC what are cytokines and prostaglandins important for
recruiting other cells during inflammation
70
WBC what can be found in granules of mast cells
1. histamine | 2. proteolytic enzymes
71
WBC what is the function of proteolytic enzyme s
1. kill bacteria | 2. inactivate toxins
72
WBC what are the APC s
1. monocytes (in blood) 2. macrophages (in tissue) 3. dendritic cells
73
WBC what is the function of monocytes and macrophages
1. phagocytize antigen 2. present antigen 3. repair tissue after inflammation 4. produce cytokines
74
WBC what is the function of dendritic cells
1. phagocytize antigen 2. migrate to secondary lymphoid organs to find correct lymphocyte to activate immune response 4. produce cytokines
75
WBC what are dendritic cells able to do
elongate PM to trap pathogens
76
NK what are NK cells. involved in
intracellular infections
77
NK why are NK cells part of innate immune response
1. do not have specific receptors for antigens | 2. do not produce immunological memory
78
NK how do NK cells kill targets
1. recognize antigens bound to MCH 1 complexes | 2. induce apoptosis
79
NK what do NK cells produce
INF gamma
80
NK what is INF gamma
cytokine
81
NK what is the function of INF gamma
1. activates macrophages | 2. signals surrounding cells
82
T CELLS what can T cells become when activated
1. T helper | 2. T cytotoxic
83
T CELLS what do T helper cells express
CD4
84
T CELLS what do T cytotoxic cells express
CD8
85
T CELLS why are T cells part of adaptive immune response
1. have specific receptors for antigens | 2. produce immunological memory
86
T CELLS what is required for T cell to become activated
presentation by APC
87
T CELLS what do T cytotoxic cells recognize
antigens bound to MHC 1
88
T CELLS what do T helper cells recognize
antigens bound to MHC 2
89
T CELLS what kind of adaptive immune response are T cells responsible for
cell medicated
90
B CELLS what happens when B cells become activated
become plasma cells
91
B CELLS what is the function of plasma cells
produce antibodies
92
B CELLS what do B cells recognize
un processed antigens
93
B CELLS what are B cells able to do
recognize antigens without APC
94
B CELLS why are B cells part of adaptive immune response
1. have specific receptors for antigens | 2. produce immunological memory
95
B CELLS what kind of adaptive immune response are T cells responsible for
antibody mediated

PHYSL 212 (22 decks)

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