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PHYSL 212 > IMMUNOLOGY > Flashcards

IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

what does immune response involve (4)

A
  1. recognize pathogen
  2. intracellular or extracellular cascade of events
  3. label pathogen
  4. destruct pathogen
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2
Q

what are 2 types of immune responses

A
  1. passive immune response

2. active immune response

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3
Q

PASSIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what is passive immune response

A

protection is transferred bw individuals

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4
Q

PASSIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what does person receive in passive immune response

A

antibody

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5
Q

PASSIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE where does antibody received in passive immune response come from

A

another person

another animal

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6
Q

PASSIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what is the consequence of passive immune response

A

immunity has short duration

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7
Q

PASSIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what does it mean if immunity has short duration

A

person will no longer have immunity when pathogen eliminated from body

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8
Q

ACTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what is active immune response

A

individual builds own immune response

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9
Q

ACTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what are 2 ways individual can build immune response

A
  1. vaccination

2. acquire infection naturally

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10
Q

ACTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what are characteristics of active immune response

A
  1. slow

2. renewable

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11
Q

ACTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE why is active immune response renewable

A

immunological memory generated

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12
Q

INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE why is it called innate immune response

A

born with it

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13
Q

INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE how doe innate immune response act

A

fast

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14
Q

INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE why does innate immune response act fast

A

non specific

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15
Q

INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE what is the function of innate immune response

A

contain infection to prepare for adaptive immune response

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16
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE how does adaptive immune response act

A

slow

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17
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE why is adaptive immune response slow (2)

A
  1. T and B cells need to recognize specific antigens

2. T and B lymphocytes need to build adaptive immune response

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18
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what does adaptive immune response generate

A

memory

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19
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE what can adaptive immune response be divided into

A
  1. cell mediated

2. antibody mediated (humoral)

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20
Q

how can innate and adaptive communicate with each other

A
  1. through cytokines

2. through cell to cell contact

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21
Q

what is an antigen

A
  • any substance that initiates immune response

- live or not live

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22
Q

what is epitope

A

part of antigen that is recognized by immune system

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23
Q

what is pathogen

A
  • organism causing disease

- live

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24
Q

what is pathogenesis

A

process by which pathogen induces illness or disease

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25
Q

where do WBC circulate

A
  1. blood

2. lymph

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26
Q

where do RBC circulate

A
  1. blood
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27
Q

how do WBC s get into lymphatic vessels

A
  1. blood vessel to interstitial space

2. interstitial space to lymphatic vessel

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28
Q

what happens when WBC s enter lymphatic vessels

A

become part of lymph

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29
Q

how do WBC s get back into blood vessels

A

drained into blood circulation

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30
Q

what are 2 sites of drainage back into blood circulation

A
  1. right subclavian vein

2. left subclavian vein

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31
Q

what are 3 main functions of lymphatic system

A
  1. drain excess interstitial fluid
  2. transport lipids
  3. carry out immune response
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32
Q

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what are primary lymphoid organs (2)

A
  1. bone marrow

2. thymus

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33
Q

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what are primary lymphoid organs site of

A

WBC maturation

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34
Q

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS where to B cells mature

A

bone marrow

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35
Q

PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS where do T cells mature

A

thymus

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36
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what are secondary lymphoid organs

A
  1. spleen
  2. lymph nodes
  3. other not so highly organized tissues
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37
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what do WBCs do in lymph nodes

A

search for antigens

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38
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what happens if a WBC finds antigen in lymph node

A
  1. remain in lymph node
  2. proliferate (swelling)
  3. become effector cell
  4. leave and fight infection where needed
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39
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what happens to antigens in lymph node

A

trapped in network of fibres that enhances antigen presentation

40
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what is main function of lymph nodes

A

first encounter with antigen

41
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what can spleen be divided into

A
  1. red pulp

2. white pulp

42
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what happens in white pulp

A

RBC destruction

43
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what happens in white pulp

A
  1. WBC finds antigen
  2. WBC proliferates
  3. WBC becomes effector cell
  4. WBC leaves and fights infection where needed
44
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what are barrier organs

A
  1. skin
  2. GI tract
  3. resp tract
  4. urogenital tract
45
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what are barrier organs exposed to

A

external enviro

46
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what is the function of barrier organs

A

protect us from pathogens that break through epithelial layer

47
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS what is located underneath epithelial barrier

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

48
Q

WBC where do all immune cells come from

A

hematopoietic stem cell

49
Q

WBC where is hematopoietic stem cell located

A

bone marrow

50
Q

WBC what happens when hematopoietic stem cell divides

A
  1. one daughter remains stem cell

2. one daughter differentiates

51
Q

WBC what can daughter differentiate into

A
  1. myeloid stem cell

2. lymphoid stem cell

52
Q

WBC what do myeloid stem cells give rise to (4)

A
  1. RBC
  2. granulocytes
  3. monocytes
  4. platelets
53
Q

WBC what do lymphoid cells give rise to (3)

A
  1. NK
  2. T cell
  3. B cell
54
Q

WBC what do granulocytes have in their cyto

A

granules

55
Q

WBC what are 4 types of granulocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
  4. mast cells
56
Q

WBC what is the function of neutrophils

A
  • first responder to infections

- phagocytosis

57
Q

WBC what are neutrophils involved in

A
  1. bacterial / fungal infection

2. acute inflammation

58
Q

WBC what distinguishes eosinophils

A

orange granules

59
Q

WBC what are eosinophils involved in

A
  1. parasitic infection

2. allergic reaction

60
Q

WBC what is the function of eosinophils

A
  • degranulate
  • release cytokines
  • release chemokines
61
Q

WBC what are cytokines and chemokines important for

A

recruiting other cells during inflammation

62
Q

WBC what distinguishes basophils

A

large amount of granules

63
Q

WBC what are basophils involved in

A
  1. parasitic infection

2. allergic reaction

64
Q

WBC what can be found in granules of basophils

A
  1. histamine

2. heparin

65
Q

WBC what is the function of histamine

A

increase blood flow to site of infection

66
Q

WBC what is heparin

A

anti-clotting factor

67
Q

WBC what are mast cells involved in

A
  1. parasitic infection

2. allergic reaction

68
Q

WBC what is the function of mast cells

A
  • produce prostaglandins

- produce cytokines

69
Q

WBC what are cytokines and prostaglandins important for

A

recruiting other cells during inflammation

70
Q

WBC what can be found in granules of mast cells

A
  1. histamine

2. proteolytic enzymes

71
Q

WBC what is the function of proteolytic enzyme s

A
  1. kill bacteria

2. inactivate toxins

72
Q

WBC what are the APC s

A
  1. monocytes (in blood)
  2. macrophages (in tissue)
  3. dendritic cells
73
Q

WBC what is the function of monocytes and macrophages

A
  1. phagocytize antigen
  2. present antigen
  3. repair tissue after inflammation
  4. produce cytokines
74
Q

WBC what is the function of dendritic cells

A
  1. phagocytize antigen
  2. migrate to secondary lymphoid organs to find correct lymphocyte to activate immune response
  3. produce cytokines
75
Q

WBC what are dendritic cells able to do

A

elongate PM to trap pathogens

76
Q

NK what are NK cells. involved in

A

intracellular infections

77
Q

NK why are NK cells part of innate immune response

A
  1. do not have specific receptors for antigens

2. do not produce immunological memory

78
Q

NK how do NK cells kill targets

A
  1. recognize antigens bound to MCH 1 complexes

2. induce apoptosis

79
Q

NK what do NK cells produce

A

INF gamma

80
Q

NK what is INF gamma

A

cytokine

81
Q

NK what is the function of INF gamma

A
  1. activates macrophages

2. signals surrounding cells

82
Q

T CELLS what can T cells become when activated

A
  1. T helper

2. T cytotoxic

83
Q

T CELLS what do T helper cells express

A

CD4

84
Q

T CELLS what do T cytotoxic cells express

A

CD8

85
Q

T CELLS why are T cells part of adaptive immune response

A
  1. have specific receptors for antigens

2. produce immunological memory

86
Q

T CELLS what is required for T cell to become activated

A

presentation by APC

87
Q

T CELLS what do T cytotoxic cells recognize

A

antigens bound to MHC 1

88
Q

T CELLS what do T helper cells recognize

A

antigens bound to MHC 2

89
Q

T CELLS what kind of adaptive immune response are T cells responsible for

A

cell medicated

90
Q

B CELLS what happens when B cells become activated

A

become plasma cells

91
Q

B CELLS what is the function of plasma cells

A

produce antibodies

92
Q

B CELLS what do B cells recognize

A

un processed antigens

93
Q

B CELLS what are B cells able to do

A

recognize antigens without APC

94
Q

B CELLS why are B cells part of adaptive immune response

A
  1. have specific receptors for antigens

2. produce immunological memory

95
Q

B CELLS what kind of adaptive immune response are T cells responsible for

A

antibody mediated

PHYSL 212 (22 decks)

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