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PHYSL 212 > CARDIO 5 > Flashcards

CARDIO 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what do sympathetic post ganglion fibres innervate

A
  1. atria
  2. ventricles
  3. SA node
  4. AV node
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2
Q

what do sympathetic post ganglion fibres secrete

A

NA

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3
Q

what do parasympathetic post ganglion fibres innervate

A
  1. atria
  2. SA node
  3. AV node
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4
Q

what do parasympathetic post ganglion fibres secrete

A

Ach

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5
Q

what does para sympathetic NS cause in SA node

A
  1. decrease rate of depol

2. decrease rate of rise to threshold

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6
Q

what does para sympathetic NS cause in AV node

A
  1. decrease conduction through AV node

2. increase AV delay

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7
Q

what does para sympathetic NS cause in atrial muscle

A
  1. decrease contractility of atrial myocardium

2. decrease force of contraction

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8
Q

what does para sympathetic NS cause in ventricular muscle

A

none

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9
Q

what does sympathetic NS cause in ventricular muscle

A
  1. increase contractility of ventricular myocardium

2. increase force of contraction

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10
Q

what is the overall function of parasympathetic

A

decrease force and rate of contraction

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11
Q

what is the overall function of sympathetic

A

increase force and rate of contraction

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12
Q

what is cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 min

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13
Q

what is formula for cardiac output

A

CO = heart rate x stroke vol

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14
Q

what is stroke vol

A

amount of blood pumped from each ventricle during systole

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15
Q

how is cardiac output diff from stroke vol

A

measured in unit time

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16
Q

how can heart rate be altered

A

modify activity of SA node

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17
Q

how can stoke vol be altered

A

altering strength of contraction of ventricular myocardium

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18
Q

what does increasing strength of contraction of ventricular myocardium result in

A

increased stroke vol

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19
Q

what does decreasing strength of contraction of ventricular myocardium result in

A

decreased stroke vol

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20
Q

what is required to speed up heart rate

A
  1. sympathetic stimulation increases

2. parasympathetic stimulation decreases

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21
Q

what is required to slow down heart rate

A
  1. parasympathetic stimulation increases

2. sympathetic stimulation decreases

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22
Q

how does increased sympathetic stimulation increase heart rate

A
  1. increase release of epinephrine from adrenal medulla
  2. increase activity of SA node
  3. increased heart rate
  4. increased CO
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23
Q

how does increased parasympathetic stimulation increase heart rate

A
  1. decreased activity of SA node
  2. decreased heart rate
  3. decreased CO
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24
Q

what kind of factors are parasympathetic and sympathetic activity

A

extrinsic

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25
Q

what does increased sympathetic activity look like on slow AP graph

A

increase slope of pacemaker potential

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26
Q

what does increased parasympathetic activity look like on slow AP graph

A

decrease slope of pacemaker potential

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27
Q

how is faster rise to threshold achieved

A
  • increase F type channel permeability (allows Na to enter cell)
  • increase T type channel permeability (allows Ca to enter cell)
28
Q

how is slower rise to threshold achieved

A
  • decrease F type channel permeability
  • decrease T type channel permeability
  • increase K channel permeability
29
Q

what does increasing K channel permeability to achieve slower rise to threshold allow

A

pacemaker potential to start at more neg value

30
Q

STROKE VOL what 3 factors affect SV

A
  1. end diastolic vol (pre load)
  2. contractility of ventricular myocardium
  3. afterload
31
Q

what kind of mechanism is EDV

32
Q

what is pre load

A

amount of ventricular filling by end of diastole

33
Q

what happens when pre load / EDV increased

A
  1. ventricles contract more forcefully
  2. increased stroke vol
  3. increased CO
34
Q

how can preload / EDV be increased

A

increase venous return to atria

35
Q

what division of ANS is able to increase venous return to atria

A

sympathetic NS

36
Q

how does sympathetic NS cause increase in venous return to atria

A

stimulare veno constriction

37
Q

what does FS mechanism define

A

relationship bw EDV and SV

38
Q

what is sarcomere length dependent on

A

amount of diastolic filling

39
Q

what does initial length of sarcomere depend on

A

preload / EDV

40
Q

what causes ventricles to contract more forcefully when preload / EDV increased

A
  1. sarcomeres stretch
  2. tension during contraction increases
  3. ventricles contract more forcefully
41
Q

what kind of curve is FC mech

A

length- tension curve

42
Q

what is function of FS mech

A

ensure ventricles pump same amount of blood

43
Q

what is contractility

A

strength of contraction

44
Q

how is myocardial contractility increased

A

increase sympathetic stimulation

45
Q

what does increased contractility result in

A
  1. increased SV

2. increased CO

46
Q

how does increased sympathetic stimulation increase myocardial contractility

A
  1. NA acts on beta adrenergic receptors

2. A acts on beta adrenergic receptors

47
Q

what division of ANS has no effect on SV (ventricular myocardium)

A

parasympathetic

48
Q

how does increased contractility result in increased SV

A
  • more complete ejection of blood

- increased ejection fraction

49
Q

how does force generated during contraction vs time graph differ for control and when stimulated by sympathetic NS

A
  1. greater max force developed during contraction
  2. increased slope of rising phase
  3. increased slope of falling phase
50
Q

what does greater max force developed during contraction indicate

A

greater force of ventricular contraction

51
Q

what does increased slope of rising phase indicate

A

faster contraction

52
Q

what does increased slop of falling phase indicate

A

faster relation

53
Q

what is after load

A
  • tension against which ventricles contract

- arterial pressure

54
Q

what does greater after load mean

A
  1. greater time spent in isovolumetric contraction
  2. less time spend in ventricular ejection
  3. smaller SV
55
Q

what do walls of arteries contain

A
  1. smooth muscle
  2. elastic fibres
  3. CT
56
Q

what is function of smooth muscle

A

change diameter of arteries

57
Q

what is the function of elastic fibres

A

change diameter of arteries passively in response to changes in bp

58
Q

what happens when bp increases

A

elastic fibres cause artery to stretch

59
Q

what happens when bp decreases

A

elastic fibres cause artery to recoil

60
Q

what happens when smooth muscle contracts

A
  • decrease diameter (vasoconstriction)
61
Q

what happens when smooth muscle relaxes

A
  • increase diameter (vasodilation)
62
Q

what are elastic arteries

A

contain many elastic fibres

contain little smooth muscle

63
Q

when do elastic fibres expand

A

ventricular systole (pressure increases)

64
Q

when do elastic fibres recoil

A

ventricular diastole (pressure decreases)

65
Q

what are muscular arteries

A

-contain fewer elastic fibres

contain lots of smooth muscle

66
Q

what is the function of muscular arteries

A

distribute blood throughout body

67
Q

what is the function of arterioles

A
  • determine mean arteriole pressure / bp

PHYSL 212 (22 decks)

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