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PHYSL 212 > CARDIO 4 > Flashcards

CARDIO 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the steps in myocardial relaxation (7)

A
  1. L type Ca channels closes
  2. SR stops releasing Ca
  3. SERCA takes up Ca into SR
  4. NCX moves Ca out of cell in exchange for Na
  5. Troponin stops binding Ca
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2
Q

REFRACTORY PERIOD what is refractory period

A

period of time in which excitable mem cannot be re-excited

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3
Q

REFRACTORY PERIOD what allows mem of myocytes to enter refractory period

A

fast Na channels inactivate

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4
Q

REFRACTORY PERIOD when do fast Na channels inactivate

A

when fast Na channels close

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5
Q

REFRACTORY PERIOD what is the purpose of refractory period

A

prevent tetanus

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6
Q

what happens when SA node becomes damaged

A

diff parts of conducting system can act as pace maker

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7
Q

when SA node becomes damaged what takes over as pace maker

A

AV node

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8
Q

what does long AP in ventricles allow

A

long refractory period

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9
Q

when Na current fails what takes over

A

L type Ca channels

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10
Q

what does lack of fast Na channels in AV node myocytes allow

A

AV delay

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11
Q

CARDIAC CYCLE what are 2 parts of cardiac cycle

A
  1. systole

2. diastole

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12
Q

what is systole

A

ventricular contraction

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13
Q

what is diastole

A

ventricular relaxation

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14
Q

what is length of cardiac cycle

A
  • beginning of one heart beat

- beginning of next heart beat

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15
Q

what does one hear beat involve

A
  • 1 systole

- 1 diastole

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16
Q

where is more time // where is less time spent

A
  • more time spend in diastole

- less time spend in systole

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17
Q

why is it important that more time is spend in diastole

A

ventricular filling

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18
Q

SYSTOLE what are 2 phases of systole

A
  1. iso volumetric contraction

2. ventricular ejection

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19
Q

SYSTOLE what happens during iso volumetric contraction

A
  1. pressure rises in ventricles
  2. blood flows back towards atria
  3. pressure gradient closes AV valve
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20
Q

SYSTOLE what is happening to valves during iso volumetric contraction

A
  1. AV valve closed

2. SL valve closed

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21
Q

SYSTOLE what is happening to muscle during iso volumetric contraction

A

muscle generates tension but cannot shorten

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22
Q

SYSTOLE what happens during ejection

A
  1. pressure in ventricles becomes greater than pressure in arteries
  2. ventricles eject blood into arteries
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23
Q

SYSTOLE what is happening to valves during ejection

A
  1. AV valve closed

2. SL valve opened

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24
Q

what is stroke vol

A

vol of blood ejected from each ventricle during systole

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25
Q

how does stroke vol of L and R ventricle compare

A

same

  • R ventricle pumps same vol of blood w less pressure
  • L ventricle pumps same vol of blood w more pressure
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26
Q

DIASTOLE what are 2 phases of diastole

A
  1. iso volumetric relaxation

2. filling

27
Q

DIASTOLE what happens during iso volumetric relaxation

A
  1. pressure decreases in ventricles
  2. blood flows back towards ventricles
  3. pressure gradient closes SL valve
28
Q

DIASTOLE what is happening to valves during iso volumetric relaxation

A
  1. AV valve closed

2. SL valve closed

29
Q

DIASTOLE what happens during filling

A
  1. pressure in atria becomes greater than pressure in ventricles
  2. blood flows from relaxed arteries to relaxed ventricles
30
Q

DIASTOLE what is happening to valves during filling

A
  1. AV valves open

2. SL valves closed

31
Q

how much ventricular filling does passive account for

A

70 percent

32
Q

how much ventricular filling does atrial contraction / atrial kick account for

A

30 percent

33
Q

what phase is atria in during atrial kick // what phase are ventricles in during atrial kick

A
  • atria ==> systole

- ventricles ==> diastole

34
Q

how does pressure of atria and ventricles compare during passive ventricular filing

A
  • atria, high pressure

- ventricles, low pressure

35
Q

why do atria have higher pressure than ventricles

A

atria full of blood

36
Q

when is pressure generated (2)

A
  1. chamber contracts

2. chamber fills (w blood)

37
Q

what direction does blood flow

A

from region of higher pressure to region of lower pressure

38
Q

what causes valves to open and close

A

pressure gradient

  • forward pressure gradient opens valve
  • backward pressure gradient closes valve
39
Q

what is end diastolic volume

A

vol of blood in each ventricle at end of diastole

40
Q

what is end systolic volume

A

vol of blood in each ventricle at end of systole

41
Q

how to calculate stroke volume

A

end diastolic volume - end systolic vol

42
Q

what happens to atria during diastole

A

receive blood from veins

43
Q

how does ventricular ejection occur

A

fast to slow

44
Q

what happens to aortic pressure during ventricular ejection

A

high to low

45
Q

what is 1st heart sound

A

lub

46
Q

what causes lub

A

closure of AV valve

47
Q

when do AV valves close to cause lub sound

A

beginning of systole

48
Q

what is 2nd heart sound

A

dub

49
Q

what causes dub

A

closure of SL valve

50
Q

when do SL valves close to cause dub sound

A

beginning of diastole

51
Q

what is compliance

A

ability to expand and increase vol with increasing pressure

52
Q

what is compliance formula

A

change in vol / change in pressure

53
Q

what is compliance of rigid tube

A

no compliance

54
Q

what does no compliance mean

A

increase in pressure = infinity

increase in vol = 0

55
Q

what is compliance of no resistance tube

A

infinite compliance

56
Q

what does infinite compliance mean

A

increase in pressure = 0

increase in vol = infinity

57
Q

what kind of compliance do walls of blood vessels have

A

finite

58
Q

what does finite compliance mean

A
  • increase in vol

- increase in pressure

59
Q

what determines bp

A
  1. vol of blood in vessels

2. compliance of vessels

60
Q

what happens to walls of arteries during systole

A

increase diameter . increase vol (aorta walls expand)

61
Q

what happens to walls of arteries during diastole

A

decrease diameter / decrease vol (aorta walls recoil)

62
Q

why do arteries have compliance

A

able to increase vol + expand w increased pressure

63
Q

what happens to some of the blood that ventricles pump into arteries during systole

A

remains in arteries

64
Q

what happens to blood that remains in arteries during diastole

A

moves into arterioles

PHYSL 212 (22 decks)

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