BLOOD 2 Flashcards by BF Rivera

ASPRIN what do mem phospholipids give rise to

arachidonic acid

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ASPRIN under influence of COX1 what can arachidonic acid be converted into

TXA2

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ASPRIN where is COX 1 located

platelets

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ASPRIN what is the function of TXA2

vasoconstriction

2. increase platelet aggregation

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ASPRIN what kind of substance is TXA 2

pro-hemostatic

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ASPRIN under influence of COX2 what can arachidonic acid be converted into

prostacyclin

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ASPRIN where is COX 2 located

endothelium

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ASPRIN what is the function of prostacyclin

vasodilation

2. decrease platelet aggregation

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ASPRIN what kind of substance is prostacyclin

anti-hemostatic

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ASPRIN what is the function of aspirin

inhibit COX 1 and COX 2

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ASPRIN what does aspirin have stronger effect on

COX 1

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ASPRIN what is net effect of aspirin

anti hemostatic

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BLOOD CLOT what is blood clot

blood cells trapped in network of fibrin proteins

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BLOOD CLOT why can’t fibrin be present all the time

it will cause blood blot

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BLOOD CLOT what is precursor for fibrin

soluble plasma protein fibrinogen

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BLOOD CLOT what is the function of active thrombin

convert fibrinogen to fibrin

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BLOOD CLOT why can’t thrombin be present all the time

it will cause fibrin to form

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BLOOD CLOT what is precursor of thrombin

inactive enzyme prothrombin

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BLOOD CLOT what is the function of prothrombinase

convert prothrombin to thrombin

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BLOOD CLOT what is the function of factor 13a and Ca++

convert unstable fibrin to stable fibrin

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BLOOD CLOT what is prothrombinase

factor 5a
factor 10a
Ca++
phospholipids

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BLOOD CLOT what pathways are involved in activating factor 10a (traditional)

1, intrinsic

2. extrinsic

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BLOOD CLOT what imitates intrinsic pathway

blood comes into contact w something foreign

- nothing needs to be added to blood

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BLOOD CLOT what is intrinsic pathway

contact activation converts factor 12 to active form
active factor 12 converts factor 11 to active form
active factor 11 converts factor 9 to active from (in presence of Ca++)
active factor 9 forms tenasec complex w factor 8, Ca++, and PL
tenase complex converts factor 10 to active form

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BLOOD CLOT what initiates extrinsic

tissue damage

BLOOD CLOT why does tissue damage initiate extrinsic pathway

adds tissue factor to blood

BLOOD CLOT what happens when extrinsic pathway initated

1. TF added to blood 2. TF forms complex with factor 7a, Ca++. and PL 2. complex converts factor 10 to active form

BLOOD CLOT what happens when there is deficiency in factor 12

- in vivo there is clotting | - in vitro there is no clotting

BLOOD CLOT what is box in top left hand corner labelled

- intrinsic (traditional) | - amplification (physiological)

BLOOD CLOT what is box in top right hand corner labelled

- extrinsic (traditional) | - invitation (physiological)

BLOOD CLOT what pathway stayed same for tractional and physiological blood clotting

common pathway

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what pathways are involved in activating factor 10a (physiological)

1. amplification pathway | 2. initiation pathway

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what are steps of initiation pathway

1. TF added to blood 2. Tf forms complex w factor 7a. Ca++, and PL 3. complex converts factor 10a to active form

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what was discovered about complex that forms during initiation pathway

responsible for activating factor 9

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what happens when factor 9 activated

active factor 9 forms tenase complex with active factor 8, Ca++, and PL 2. tenase complex converts factor 10 to active form

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what are 2 ways of activating factor 10 in physiological

1. through TF complex directly | 2. through TF complex indirectly by activating factor 9

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what happens in amplification pathway

1. factor 11 converted to active form 2. active factor 11 converts factor 9 to active from (in presence of Ca) 3. active factor 9 forms tenase complex with active factor 8, Ca++, and PL 4 tenase complex converts factor 10 to active form

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL how can active factor 9 be obtained

1. initiation pathway | 2. amplification pathway

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what function of thrombin was discovered

1. activates factor 13 2. activates factor 5 (prothrombinase) 3. activates factor 8 (tenase) 4. activates factor 11

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL when does prothrombinase and tenase complex work better

in presence of thrombin

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what happens in blood clotting

1. tissue damage 2. small amount of TF for small amount of factor 10 a 3. small amount of factor 10a for small amount of prothrombinase 4. small amount of ptothrombinase for small amount of thrombin 5. small amount of thrombin for small amount of fibrin 6. thrombin feed back to cause amplification

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what is fibrinolysis

break down of fibrin by fibrinolytic system

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what are natural anti coagulants

1. tissue factor pathway inhibitor | 2. antithrombin 3

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what is the function of tissue factor pathway inhibitor

1. inhibit factor 10a | 2. inhibit factor 7a

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what is the function of antithrombin 3

inhibit thrombin

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT when can thrombin have anti coagulant activity

when it binds to thrombo modulin

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what is the function of thrombin + thrombomodulin complex

1. activate protein C 2. break down factor 5a (part of prothrombinase complex) 3. breakdown factor 8a (part of tenase complex)

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what are clinical anti coagulants

1. Ca chelators 2. heparin 3. agonists of vitk

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what is the function of Ca chelators

remove Ca++

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what is the function of heparin

increase activity of antithrombin 3

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what is the function of agonists of vitk

inhibits synthesis of facotrs that require vit K

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what are factors that require vit K to be synthesized

2,7,9,10

FIBRINOLYSIS in fibrinolysis what can fibrin get broken down to

fibrin degradation products (FDP)

FIBRINOLYSIS what causes fibrinolysis

enzyme plasmin

FIBRINOLYSIS why is plasmin not present in active form all the time

don't want it break down clots before tissue is done healing

FIBRINOLYSIS what is inactive form of plasmin

plasminogen

FIBRINOLYSIS when does plasminogen get converted to plasmin

in presence of plasminogen activators

FIBRINOLYSIS what are 2 categories of plasminogen activators

1. natural | 2. clinical

FIBRINOLYSIS what are natural plasminogen activators

1. tissue plasminogen activator | 2. exercise

FIBRINOLYSIS what is a clinical plasminogen activator

tenectaplase

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what is abnormal hemostasis

change in balance bw pro-hemostatic factors and anti-hemostatic factors

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what is haemorrhage

- failure of pro-hemostatic / pro-coagulation factors | - failure of hemostatic mechanism

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what are 2 ways hemostatic mechanism can fail

1. problem with platelets | 2. problem with clotting factors

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what are problems with platelets

1. not enough platelets (thrombocytopenia) | 2. abnormal platelet function

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what are problems with clotting factors

1. heredity deficiency | 2. acquired deficiency

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what causes acquired deficiency of clotting factors

1. antagonists | 2. vitk deficiency

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what is thrombosis

excessive clotting

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what are 2 causes of thrombosis

1. hereditary disorders | 2. acquired disorders

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what are hereditary disorders

1. deficiency in naturally occurring anti coagulants | 2. deficiency in fibrinolytic factors

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what do antigens present on RBC mem act as

determinants of blood type

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what antigen does almost everyone in the world have on their RBC s

H antigen

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS where does H antigen come from

H gene converts precursor to H antigen

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what can H antigens be converted into

antigens of ABO blood type system

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what antigen that H antigen gets converted into depend on

genes inherited from parents

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens if A gene is inherited from parents

A gene gives rise to A enzyme

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens in presence of A enzyme

addition of another sugar molecule to end of H antigen to form antigen A

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens if B gene is inherited from parents

B gene gives rise to B enzyme

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens in presence of B enzyme

addition of another sugar molecule to H antigen to form antigen B

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what does person w type A have

1. A gene | 2. A antigen

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what does person w type B have

1. B gene | 2. B antigen

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens if A and B gene inherited

- A gene gives rise to A enzyme ==>. A antigen | - B gene gives rise to B enzyme ==> B antigen

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what does person with blood type AB have

1. A gene + antigen | 2. B gene + antigen

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens if O gene is inherited

1. no A enzyme to give rise to A antigen | 2. no B enzyme to give rise to B antigen

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what does person with blood type O have

H antigen only

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what genes are dominant to O

1. A gene dominant to O gene | 2. B gene dominant to O gene

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS how can a person be blood type O

- inherit O gene from one parent | - inherit O gene from other parent

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS how can person be blood type A phenotype

- inherit A gene from one parent + A gene from other parent | - inherit A gene from one parent + O gene from other parent

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS how can person be blood type B phenotype

- inherit B gene from one parent and + B gene from other parent - inherit B gene from one parent + O gene from other parent

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS how can person be blood type AB phenotype

- inherit A gene from one parent + B gene from other parent

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS where are antibodies present

plasma

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what is immune antibody

antibody for responding to non self

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what is naturally occurring antibody

antibody from responding to self

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what is example of naturally occurring antibodies

antibodies of ABO system

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what antibody does person with antigen A not produce

antibody A

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what antibody does person with antigen A produce

antibody B

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what antibody foes person with antigen B produce

antibody A

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS how can a person be rhesus pos

- inherit D gene from one parent + D gene from other parent | - inherit D gene from one parent and d gene from other parent

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS how can person be rhesus neg

- inherit d gene from one parent + d gene from other parent

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what does rhesus pos blood type mean

possess D antigen

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what does rhesus neg blood type mean

do not possess D antigen

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what do people that are rhesus pos and rhesus neg lack

D antibody

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS when can antibody D be produced in person

1. person Rh neg | 2. person exposed to antigen D

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens if transfusion is mismatched

1. agglutination | 2. break down of RBC s

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what is agglutination

clumping of RBC (not blood clot)

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS how can person's blood type be determined in vitro

1. obtain sample of blood from person 2. take out RBC s from sample 3. add anti A to RBC s 4. add anti B to RBC s

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what are you looking for when mixing RBC s of donor with antibodies in plasma of recipient

whether or not there is agglutination

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens if there is no agglutination

donor can give blood to recipient

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens if there is agglutination

donor cannot give blood to recipient

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what is universal donor

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS why is O universal donor

- no A antigen means no reacting with antibody A in plasma of person that is type B - no B antigen means no reacting with antibody B in plasma of person that is type A

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what antibodies does person with type AB blood contain

none - possess antigen A - possess antigen B

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what is universal recipient

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS why is AB universal recipient

- no antibody A means no reacting with antigen A on RBC of person that is type A - no antibody B means no reacting with antigen B on person that is type B

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what antigens does person with type O have

none