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PHYSL 212 > BLOOD 2 > Flashcards

BLOOD 2 Flashcards

1
Q

ASPRIN what do mem phospholipids give rise to

A

arachidonic acid

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2
Q

ASPRIN under influence of COX1 what can arachidonic acid be converted into

A

TXA2

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3
Q

ASPRIN where is COX 1 located

A

platelets

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4
Q

ASPRIN what is the function of TXA2

A
  1. vasoconstriction

2. increase platelet aggregation

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5
Q

ASPRIN what kind of substance is TXA 2

A

pro-hemostatic

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6
Q

ASPRIN under influence of COX2 what can arachidonic acid be converted into

A

prostacyclin

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7
Q

ASPRIN where is COX 2 located

A

endothelium

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8
Q

ASPRIN what is the function of prostacyclin

A
  1. vasodilation

2. decrease platelet aggregation

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9
Q

ASPRIN what kind of substance is prostacyclin

A

anti-hemostatic

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10
Q

ASPRIN what is the function of aspirin

A

inhibit COX 1 and COX 2

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11
Q

ASPRIN what does aspirin have stronger effect on

A

COX 1

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12
Q

ASPRIN what is net effect of aspirin

A

anti hemostatic

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13
Q

BLOOD CLOT what is blood clot

A

blood cells trapped in network of fibrin proteins

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14
Q

BLOOD CLOT why can’t fibrin be present all the time

A

it will cause blood blot

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15
Q

BLOOD CLOT what is precursor for fibrin

A

soluble plasma protein fibrinogen

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16
Q

BLOOD CLOT what is the function of active thrombin

A

convert fibrinogen to fibrin

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17
Q

BLOOD CLOT why can’t thrombin be present all the time

A

it will cause fibrin to form

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18
Q

BLOOD CLOT what is precursor of thrombin

A

inactive enzyme prothrombin

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19
Q

BLOOD CLOT what is the function of prothrombinase

A

convert prothrombin to thrombin

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20
Q

BLOOD CLOT what is the function of factor 13a and Ca++

A

convert unstable fibrin to stable fibrin

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21
Q

BLOOD CLOT what is prothrombinase

A
  1. factor 5a
  2. factor 10a
  3. Ca++
  4. phospholipids
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22
Q

BLOOD CLOT what pathways are involved in activating factor 10a (traditional)

A

1, intrinsic

2. extrinsic

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23
Q

BLOOD CLOT what imitates intrinsic pathway

A
  • blood comes into contact w something foreign

- nothing needs to be added to blood

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24
Q

BLOOD CLOT what is intrinsic pathway

A
  1. contact activation converts factor 12 to active form
  2. active factor 12 converts factor 11 to active form
  3. active factor 11 converts factor 9 to active from (in presence of Ca++)
  4. active factor 9 forms tenasec complex w factor 8, Ca++, and PL
  5. tenase complex converts factor 10 to active form
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25
Q

BLOOD CLOT what initiates extrinsic

A

tissue damage

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26
Q

BLOOD CLOT why does tissue damage initiate extrinsic pathway

A

adds tissue factor to blood

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27
Q

BLOOD CLOT what happens when extrinsic pathway initated

A
  1. TF added to blood
  2. TF forms complex with factor 7a, Ca++. and PL
  3. complex converts factor 10 to active form
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28
Q

BLOOD CLOT what happens when there is deficiency in factor 12

A
  • in vivo there is clotting

- in vitro there is no clotting

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29
Q

BLOOD CLOT what is box in top left hand corner labelled

A
  • intrinsic (traditional)

- amplification (physiological)

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30
Q

BLOOD CLOT what is box in top right hand corner labelled

A
  • extrinsic (traditional)

- invitation (physiological)

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31
Q

BLOOD CLOT what pathway stayed same for tractional and physiological blood clotting

A

common pathway

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32
Q

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what pathways are involved in activating factor 10a (physiological)

A
  1. amplification pathway

2. initiation pathway

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33
Q

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what are steps of initiation pathway

A
  1. TF added to blood
  2. Tf forms complex w factor 7a. Ca++, and PL
  3. complex converts factor 10a to active form
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34
Q

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what was discovered about complex that forms during initiation pathway

A

responsible for activating factor 9

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35
Q

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what happens when factor 9 activated

A

active factor 9 forms tenase complex with active factor 8, Ca++, and PL
2. tenase complex converts factor 10 to active form

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36
Q

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what are 2 ways of activating factor 10 in physiological

A
  1. through TF complex directly

2. through TF complex indirectly by activating factor 9

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37
Q

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what happens in amplification pathway

A
  1. factor 11 converted to active form
  2. active factor 11 converts factor 9 to active from (in presence of Ca)
  3. active factor 9 forms tenase complex with active factor 8, Ca++, and PL
    4 tenase complex converts factor 10 to active form
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38
Q

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL how can active factor 9 be obtained

A
  1. initiation pathway

2. amplification pathway

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39
Q

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what function of thrombin was discovered

A
  1. activates factor 13
  2. activates factor 5
    (prothrombinase)
  3. activates factor 8 (tenase)
  4. activates factor 11
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40
Q

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL when does prothrombinase and tenase complex work better

A

in presence of thrombin

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41
Q

BLOOD CLOT PHYSIOLOGICAL what happens in blood clotting

A
  1. tissue damage
  2. small amount of TF for small amount of factor 10 a
  3. small amount of factor 10a for small amount of prothrombinase
  4. small amount of ptothrombinase for small amount of thrombin
  5. small amount of thrombin for small amount of fibrin
  6. thrombin feed back to cause amplification
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42
Q

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what is fibrinolysis

A

break down of fibrin by fibrinolytic system

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43
Q

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what are natural anti coagulants

A
  1. tissue factor pathway inhibitor

2. antithrombin 3

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44
Q

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what is the function of tissue factor pathway inhibitor

A
  1. inhibit factor 10a

2. inhibit factor 7a

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45
Q

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what is the function of antithrombin 3

A

inhibit thrombin

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46
Q

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT when can thrombin have anti coagulant activity

A

when it binds to thrombo modulin

47
Q

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what is the function of thrombin + thrombomodulin complex

A
  1. activate protein C
  2. break down factor 5a (part of prothrombinase complex)
  3. breakdown factor 8a (part of tenase complex)
48
Q

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what are clinical anti coagulants

A
  1. Ca chelators
  2. heparin
  3. agonists of vitk
49
Q

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what is the function of Ca chelators

A

remove Ca++

50
Q

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what is the function of heparin

A

increase activity of antithrombin 3

51
Q

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what is the function of agonists of vitk

A

inhibits synthesis of facotrs that require vit K

52
Q

REGULATION OF BLOOD CLOT what are factors that require vit K to be synthesized

A

2,7,9,10

53
Q

FIBRINOLYSIS in fibrinolysis what can fibrin get broken down to

A

fibrin degradation products (FDP)

54
Q

FIBRINOLYSIS what causes fibrinolysis

A

enzyme plasmin

55
Q

FIBRINOLYSIS why is plasmin not present in active form all the time

A

don’t want it break down clots before tissue is done healing

56
Q

FIBRINOLYSIS what is inactive form of plasmin

A

plasminogen

57
Q

FIBRINOLYSIS when does plasminogen get converted to plasmin

A

in presence of plasminogen activators

58
Q

FIBRINOLYSIS what are 2 categories of plasminogen activators

A
  1. natural

2. clinical

59
Q

FIBRINOLYSIS what are natural plasminogen activators

A
  1. tissue plasminogen activator

2. exercise

60
Q

FIBRINOLYSIS what is a clinical plasminogen activator

A

tenectaplase

61
Q

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what is abnormal hemostasis

A

change in balance bw pro-hemostatic factors and anti-hemostatic factors

62
Q

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what is haemorrhage

A
  • failure of pro-hemostatic / pro-coagulation factors

- failure of hemostatic mechanism

63
Q

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what are 2 ways hemostatic mechanism can fail

A
  1. problem with platelets

2. problem with clotting factors

64
Q

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what are problems with platelets

A
  1. not enough platelets (thrombocytopenia)

2. abnormal platelet function

65
Q

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what are problems with clotting factors

A
  1. heredity deficiency

2. acquired deficiency

66
Q

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what causes acquired deficiency of clotting factors

A
  1. antagonists

2. vitk deficiency

67
Q

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what is thrombosis

A

excessive clotting

68
Q

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what are 2 causes of thrombosis

A
  1. hereditary disorders

2. acquired disorders

69
Q

ABNORMAL HEMOSTASIS what are hereditary disorders

A
  1. deficiency in naturally occurring anti coagulants

2. deficiency in fibrinolytic factors

70
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what do antigens present on RBC mem act as

A

determinants of blood type

71
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what antigen does almost everyone in the world have on their RBC s

A

H antigen

72
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS where does H antigen come from

A

H gene converts precursor to H antigen

73
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what can H antigens be converted into

A

antigens of ABO blood type system

74
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what antigen that H antigen gets converted into depend on

A

genes inherited from parents

75
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens if A gene is inherited from parents

A

A gene gives rise to A enzyme

76
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens in presence of A enzyme

A

addition of another sugar molecule to end of H antigen to form antigen A

77
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens if B gene is inherited from parents

A

B gene gives rise to B enzyme

78
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens in presence of B enzyme

A

addition of another sugar molecule to H antigen to form antigen B

79
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what does person w type A have

A
  1. A gene

2. A antigen

80
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what does person w type B have

A
  1. B gene

2. B antigen

81
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens if A and B gene inherited

A
  • A gene gives rise to A enzyme ==>. A antigen

- B gene gives rise to B enzyme ==> B antigen

82
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what does person with blood type AB have

A
  1. A gene + antigen

2. B gene + antigen

83
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens if O gene is inherited

A
  1. no A enzyme to give rise to A antigen

2. no B enzyme to give rise to B antigen

84
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what does person with blood type O have

A

H antigen only

85
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what genes are dominant to O

A
  1. A gene dominant to O gene

2. B gene dominant to O gene

86
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS how can a person be blood type O

A
  • inherit O gene from one parent

- inherit O gene from other parent

87
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS how can person be blood type A phenotype

A
  • inherit A gene from one parent + A gene from other parent

- inherit A gene from one parent + O gene from other parent

88
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS how can person be blood type B phenotype

A
  • inherit B gene from one parent and + B gene from other parent
  • inherit B gene from one parent + O gene from other parent
89
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS how can person be blood type AB phenotype

A
  • inherit A gene from one parent + B gene from other parent
90
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS where are antibodies present

A

plasma

91
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what is immune antibody

A

antibody for responding to non self

92
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what is naturally occurring antibody

A

antibody from responding to self

93
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what is example of naturally occurring antibodies

A

antibodies of ABO system

94
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what antibody does person with antigen A not produce

A

antibody A

95
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what antibody does person with antigen A produce

A

antibody B

96
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what antibody foes person with antigen B produce

A

antibody A

97
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS how can a person be rhesus pos

A
  • inherit D gene from one parent + D gene from other parent

- inherit D gene from one parent and d gene from other parent

98
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS how can person be rhesus neg

A
  • inherit d gene from one parent + d gene from other parent
99
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what does rhesus pos blood type mean

A

possess D antigen

100
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what does rhesus neg blood type mean

A

do not possess D antigen

101
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what do people that are rhesus pos and rhesus neg lack

A

D antibody

102
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS when can antibody D be produced in person

A
  1. person Rh neg

2. person exposed to antigen D

103
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens if transfusion is mismatched

A
  1. agglutination

2. break down of RBC s

104
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what is agglutination

A

clumping of RBC (not blood clot)

105
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS how can person’s blood type be determined in vitro

A
  1. obtain sample of blood from person
  2. take out RBC s from sample
  3. add anti A to RBC s
  4. add anti B to RBC s
106
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what are you looking for when mixing RBC s of donor with antibodies in plasma of recipient

A

whether or not there is agglutination

107
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens if there is no agglutination

A

donor can give blood to recipient

108
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what happens if there is agglutination

A

donor cannot give blood to recipient

109
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what is universal donor

A

O

110
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS why is O universal donor

A
  • no A antigen means no reacting with antibody A in plasma of person that is type B
  • no B antigen means no reacting with antibody B in plasma of person that is type A
111
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what antibodies does person with type AB blood contain

A

none

  • possess antigen A
  • possess antigen B
112
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what is universal recipient

A

AB

113
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS why is AB universal recipient

A
  • no antibody A means no reacting with antigen A on RBC of person that is type A
  • no antibody B means no reacting with antigen B on person that is type B
114
Q

BLOOD GROUPS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS what antigens does person with type O have

A

none

PHYSL 212 (22 decks)

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