IMMUNOLOGY 2 Flashcards
1
Q
how do innate cells recognize pathogens
A
pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognition
2
Q
what are patterns
A
molecules shared by pathogens
3
Q
what is rate of pattern recognition
A
fast
4
Q
why is rate of pattern recognition fast
A
non specific
5
Q
what part of innate cells recognize PAMPS
A
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
6
Q
where in innate cells are PRRs localized
A
- cytosol
- plasma mem
- endosomes
7
Q
what are examples of cytosolic PRRs
A
- NOD like
- RIG like
- cytosolic DNA sensor
8
Q
what are examples of extracellular PRRs
A
- tool like
2. lectin
9
Q
what examples of PRRs in endosomes
A
- tool like
10
Q
what does each PRR recognize
A
- diff pattern
- diff pathogen
11
Q
what happens when PRRs activated
A
intracellular cascade of events
12
Q
what happens when TLR activated
A
transcription factors become activated
13
Q
what 2 transcription factors are activated when TLR activated
A
- NF-kB
2. IRF (interferon regulatory factos)
14
Q
what happens when NK-kB transcription factor activated
A
- increase expression of cytokines
- increase expression of adhesion molecules
- increase expression of co stimulators
15
Q
what happens when IRF trasncription factor activated
A
- increase expression of type 1 interferon
16
Q
what are 5 innate immunity effector mechanisms
A
- antimicrobial substances
- complement system activation
- phagocytosis
- inflammation
- NK cells
17
Q
- ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES what are examples of antimicrobial substances
A
- lysosomes
- lactoferrin
- psoriasins
18
Q
- ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES how do lysosomes act as antimicrobial substances
A
- break bonds bw peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall
- inserts itself into PM
- causes osmotic imbalance in cell ==> causes cell lysis
19
Q
- ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCEShow does lactoferrin act as antimicrobial substance
A
- sequesters iron from enviro to prevent proliferation
20
Q
- ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES how do psoriasins act as antimicrobial substance
A
- prevents E coli colonization
21
Q
- ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCEShow does saliva, tears, and urine act as microbial substances
A
flush pathogens
22
Q
- ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES how does mucous act as antimicrobial substance
A
trap pathogens
23
Q
- ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES how do digestive enzymes act as antimicrobial substances
A
give stomach acidic pH
24
Q
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is complement system
A
group of protiens produced by liver
25
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what immune response is complement system a part of
1. innate
| 2. adaptive
26
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what are 7 categories of proteins
1. initiators
2. convertase activators
3. opsins
4. anaphylatoxins
5. membrane attack complexes
6. complement recepotrs
7. regulatory protiens
27
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is the function of initiators
initiate complement system cascade
28
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is the function of convertase activators
breaks down next complement protein in cascade to activate them
29
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM wha tis the function of opsins
bind ot pathogen
30
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what are anaphylatoxins involved in
1. WBC migration to site of infection during inflammation
| 2. WBC degranulation
31
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is the function of membrane attack complexed
cell death
32
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is the function of complement recepotrs
activate cells expressing complement protiens
33
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is the function of regulatory proteins
precent exacerbated activation of complement system
34
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what are 3 main ways top activate complement system
1. classical pathway
2. lectin pathway
3. alternative pathway
35
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what does classical pathway involve
antigen-antibody complex
36
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what does lectin pathway involve
lectin recognizes carbs on mem of pathogen
37
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what does alternative pathway involve
spont hydrolysis of complement protein 3
38
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what happens when complement system activated
C3 becomes C3a and C3b
39
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what is C3a involved in
inflammatory process
40
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what is the function of C3b
1. opsonization
- binds microbe surface acting as signal for phagocytic cells
2. clears immune complexes
- binds antigen-antibody complexes acting as signal for phagocytic cells
3. forms C5 convertase
41
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what is the function of C5 convertase
C5 becomes C5a and C5b
42
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what happens to C5b
becomes part of MAC
43
COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what happens to C5a
becomes part of inflammatory process
44
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is MAC
pore in PM of cell
45
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM how is MAC formed
C5b recruits complement protiens
46
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is function of pore
1. causes osmotic imbalance in cell
| 2. causes cell lysis
47
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what are effector mechanisms of complement system
1. lysis
2. opsonization
3. activation of inflammatory response
4. clearance of immune complexes
48
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what are steps of lysis effector mechanism
1. C3b forms C5 convertase
2. C5 convertase breaks C5 into C5a and C5b
3. C5b recruits complement proteins to form MAC
4. MAC causes osmotic imbalance in cell
5. MAC causes cell lysis
49
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is oposinzation effector mechanism referring to
C3b binds microbe surface acting as signal for macrophages
50
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what 2 complement proteins are involved in activation of inflammatory response
1. C3a
| 2. C5a
51
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is clearance of immune complexes effector mechanism referring to
C3b binds antigen-antibody complex acting as signal for macrophages
52
3. PHAGOCYTOSIS what are 2 ways phagocytosis is initiated
1. phagocyte recognized PAMPs
| 2. phagocyte receptors recognize opsonized pathogens
53
3. PHAGOCYTOSIS what is the function of opsonin
bind to microbe surface acting as signal for macrophages
54
3. PHAGOCYTOSIS what are the steps in phagocytosis (5)
1. recognition of pathogen
2. mem of phagocyte elongates to surround pathogen
3. mem of phagocyte princes off to form phagosome
4. phagosome creates lysosome containing enzymes
5. phagosome and lysosome fuse
6. microbe killed
55
ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING when does antigen processing and presenting occur
when phagocyte is APC
56
ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what are the steps for extracellular antigen processing
1. pathogen internalized
2. pathogen broken down to peptides
3. MHC 2 synthesized in ER
4. MCH 2 transported to phagolysosome
5. peptide binds to MHC 2
6. complex migrates to PM of APC / macrophage
7. antigen shown off to extracellular enviro
9. antigen recognized by CD4 T helper
57
ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what are the steps of intracellular antigen processing
1. protein from pathogen released into cyto
2. protein from pathogen broken down into peptides
3. peptides migrate to ER
4. peptides bind to MHC 1
5. complex migrates to PM of APC / macrophage
6. antigen recognized by CD8 T cytotoxic
58
ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what is the function of MHC 1
1. present intracellular antigens
| 2. regular surveillance
59
ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what to MHC 1 expression when cell infected
expression reduced to act as signal that cell needs
60
ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what recognized MCH 1
CD8
61
ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what is the function of MHC 2
1. present extracellular antigens
| 2. no regular surveillance
62
ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what recognizes MCH 2
CD4
63
ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what is required for any T lymphocyte activation
APC
64
ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what does requiring APC to activate T lymphocytes allow
prevention of exacerbated activation of adaptive immunity
65
ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what is responsible for connecting innate and adaptive immunity
APC
66
4. INFLAMMATION what is inflammatory response
cascade of events
67
4. INFLAMMATION what is the function of inflammatory response when pathogen present
eliminate pathogen
68
4. INFLAMMATION what is the function of inflammatory response when pathogen not present
heal damaged tissue
69
4. INFLAMMATION what are 5 cardinal signs of inflammation
1. heat
2. redness
3. swelling
4. pain
5. loss of function / impaired homeostasis
70
4. INFLAMMATION what do cardinal signs of inflammation reflect
1. vasodilation
| 2. increase in vascular permeability
71
4. INFLAMMATION what does increased vascular permeability result in
leakage of fluid from blood vessels to interstitial space
72
4. INFLAMMATION what are 3 goals of inflammatory process
1. attract WBC to
a. eliminate pathogens
b. heal damaged tissue
2 create physical barrier to contain infection
3. promote tissue repair
73
4. INFLAMMATION why is promoting tissue repair important
return to homeostasis
74
4. INFLAMMATION what re 2 types of inflammation
1. acute
| 2. chronic
75
4. INFLAMMATION what are 3 characteristics of acute inflammation
1. localized
2. quick initiation
3. quick resolution
76
4. INFLAMMATION when does chronic inflammation occur
1. persistent pathogen
| 2. persistent trauma
77
4. INFLAMMATION what is chronic stimulation
continuous stimulation of inflammation
78
4. INFLAMMATION what does chronic inflammation lead to
- continuous stimulation of inflammation
1. continuous stimulation of tissue healing
2. scarring
79
4. INFLAMMATION what is present during acute inflammation
1. innate immune cells
80
4. INFLAMMATION what is present during chronic inflammation
1. innate immune cells
| 2. adaptive immune cells
