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PHYSL 212 > IMMUNOLOGY 2 > Flashcards

IMMUNOLOGY 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how do innate cells recognize pathogens

A

pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognition

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2
Q

what are patterns

A

molecules shared by pathogens

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3
Q

what is rate of pattern recognition

A

fast

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4
Q

why is rate of pattern recognition fast

A

non specific

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5
Q

what part of innate cells recognize PAMPS

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

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6
Q

where in innate cells are PRRs localized

A
  1. cytosol
  2. plasma mem
  3. endosomes
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7
Q

what are examples of cytosolic PRRs

A
  1. NOD like
  2. RIG like
  3. cytosolic DNA sensor
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8
Q

what are examples of extracellular PRRs

A
  1. tool like

2. lectin

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9
Q

what examples of PRRs in endosomes

A
  1. tool like
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10
Q

what does each PRR recognize

A
  • diff pattern

- diff pathogen

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11
Q

what happens when PRRs activated

A

intracellular cascade of events

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12
Q

what happens when TLR activated

A

transcription factors become activated

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13
Q

what 2 transcription factors are activated when TLR activated

A
  1. NF-kB

2. IRF (interferon regulatory factos)

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14
Q

what happens when NK-kB transcription factor activated

A
  1. increase expression of cytokines
  2. increase expression of adhesion molecules
  3. increase expression of co stimulators
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15
Q

what happens when IRF trasncription factor activated

A
  1. increase expression of type 1 interferon
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16
Q

what are 5 innate immunity effector mechanisms

A
  1. antimicrobial substances
  2. complement system activation
  3. phagocytosis
  4. inflammation
  5. NK cells
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17
Q
  1. ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES what are examples of antimicrobial substances
A
  1. lysosomes
  2. lactoferrin
  3. psoriasins
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18
Q
  1. ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES how do lysosomes act as antimicrobial substances
A
  1. break bonds bw peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall
  2. inserts itself into PM
  3. causes osmotic imbalance in cell ==> causes cell lysis
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19
Q
  1. ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCEShow does lactoferrin act as antimicrobial substance
A
  1. sequesters iron from enviro to prevent proliferation
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20
Q
  1. ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES how do psoriasins act as antimicrobial substance
A
  1. prevents E coli colonization
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21
Q
  1. ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCEShow does saliva, tears, and urine act as microbial substances
A

flush pathogens

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22
Q
  1. ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES how does mucous act as antimicrobial substance
A

trap pathogens

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23
Q
  1. ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES how do digestive enzymes act as antimicrobial substances
A

give stomach acidic pH

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24
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is complement system

A

group of protiens produced by liver

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25
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what immune response is complement system a part of

A
  1. innate

2. adaptive

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26
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what are 7 categories of proteins

A
  1. initiators
  2. convertase activators
  3. opsins
  4. anaphylatoxins
  5. membrane attack complexes
  6. complement recepotrs
  7. regulatory protiens
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27
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is the function of initiators

A

initiate complement system cascade

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28
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is the function of convertase activators

A

breaks down next complement protein in cascade to activate them

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29
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM wha tis the function of opsins

A

bind ot pathogen

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30
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what are anaphylatoxins involved in

A
  1. WBC migration to site of infection during inflammation

2. WBC degranulation

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31
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is the function of membrane attack complexed

A

cell death

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32
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is the function of complement recepotrs

A

activate cells expressing complement protiens

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33
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is the function of regulatory proteins

A

precent exacerbated activation of complement system

34
Q

COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what are 3 main ways top activate complement system

A
  1. classical pathway
  2. lectin pathway
  3. alternative pathway
35
Q

COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what does classical pathway involve

A

antigen-antibody complex

36
Q

COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what does lectin pathway involve

A

lectin recognizes carbs on mem of pathogen

37
Q

COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what does alternative pathway involve

A

spont hydrolysis of complement protein 3

38
Q

COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what happens when complement system activated

A

C3 becomes C3a and C3b

39
Q

COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what is C3a involved in

A

inflammatory process

40
Q

COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what is the function of C3b

A
  1. opsonization
    - binds microbe surface acting as signal for phagocytic cells
  2. clears immune complexes
    - binds antigen-antibody complexes acting as signal for phagocytic cells
  3. forms C5 convertase
41
Q

COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what is the function of C5 convertase

A

C5 becomes C5a and C5b

42
Q

COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what happens to C5b

A

becomes part of MAC

43
Q

COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION what happens to C5a

A

becomes part of inflammatory process

44
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is MAC

A

pore in PM of cell

45
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM how is MAC formed

A

C5b recruits complement protiens

46
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is function of pore

A
  1. causes osmotic imbalance in cell

2. causes cell lysis

47
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what are effector mechanisms of complement system

A
  1. lysis
  2. opsonization
  3. activation of inflammatory response
  4. clearance of immune complexes
48
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what are steps of lysis effector mechanism

A
  1. C3b forms C5 convertase
  2. C5 convertase breaks C5 into C5a and C5b
  3. C5b recruits complement proteins to form MAC
  4. MAC causes osmotic imbalance in cell
  5. MAC causes cell lysis
49
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is oposinzation effector mechanism referring to

A

C3b binds microbe surface acting as signal for macrophages

50
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what 2 complement proteins are involved in activation of inflammatory response

A
  1. C3a

2. C5a

51
Q

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM what is clearance of immune complexes effector mechanism referring to

A

C3b binds antigen-antibody complex acting as signal for macrophages

52
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTOSIS what are 2 ways phagocytosis is initiated
A
  1. phagocyte recognized PAMPs

2. phagocyte receptors recognize opsonized pathogens

53
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTOSIS what is the function of opsonin
A

bind to microbe surface acting as signal for macrophages

54
Q
  1. PHAGOCYTOSIS what are the steps in phagocytosis (5)
A
  1. recognition of pathogen
  2. mem of phagocyte elongates to surround pathogen
  3. mem of phagocyte princes off to form phagosome
  4. phagosome creates lysosome containing enzymes
  5. phagosome and lysosome fuse
  6. microbe killed
55
Q

ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING when does antigen processing and presenting occur

A

when phagocyte is APC

56
Q

ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what are the steps for extracellular antigen processing

A
  1. pathogen internalized
  2. pathogen broken down to peptides
  3. MHC 2 synthesized in ER
  4. MCH 2 transported to phagolysosome
  5. peptide binds to MHC 2
  6. complex migrates to PM of APC / macrophage
  7. antigen shown off to extracellular enviro
  8. antigen recognized by CD4 T helper
57
Q

ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what are the steps of intracellular antigen processing

A
  1. protein from pathogen released into cyto
  2. protein from pathogen broken down into peptides
  3. peptides migrate to ER
  4. peptides bind to MHC 1
  5. complex migrates to PM of APC / macrophage
  6. antigen recognized by CD8 T cytotoxic
58
Q

ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what is the function of MHC 1

A
  1. present intracellular antigens

2. regular surveillance

59
Q

ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what to MHC 1 expression when cell infected

A

expression reduced to act as signal that cell needs

60
Q

ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what recognized MCH 1

A

CD8

61
Q

ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what is the function of MHC 2

A
  1. present extracellular antigens

2. no regular surveillance

62
Q

ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what recognizes MCH 2

A

CD4

63
Q

ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what is required for any T lymphocyte activation

A

APC

64
Q

ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what does requiring APC to activate T lymphocytes allow

A

prevention of exacerbated activation of adaptive immunity

65
Q

ANTIGEN PROCESSING AND PRESENTING what is responsible for connecting innate and adaptive immunity

A

APC

66
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION what is inflammatory response
A

cascade of events

67
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION what is the function of inflammatory response when pathogen present
A

eliminate pathogen

68
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION what is the function of inflammatory response when pathogen not present
A

heal damaged tissue

69
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION what are 5 cardinal signs of inflammation
A
  1. heat
  2. redness
  3. swelling
  4. pain
  5. loss of function / impaired homeostasis
70
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION what do cardinal signs of inflammation reflect
A
  1. vasodilation

2. increase in vascular permeability

71
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION what does increased vascular permeability result in
A

leakage of fluid from blood vessels to interstitial space

72
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION what are 3 goals of inflammatory process
A
  1. attract WBC to
    a. eliminate pathogens
    b. heal damaged tissue
    2 create physical barrier to contain infection
  2. promote tissue repair
73
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION why is promoting tissue repair important
A

return to homeostasis

74
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION what re 2 types of inflammation
A
  1. acute

2. chronic

75
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION what are 3 characteristics of acute inflammation
A
  1. localized
  2. quick initiation
  3. quick resolution
76
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION when does chronic inflammation occur
A
  1. persistent pathogen

2. persistent trauma

77
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION what is chronic stimulation
A

continuous stimulation of inflammation

78
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION what does chronic inflammation lead to
A
  • continuous stimulation of inflammation
  1. continuous stimulation of tissue healing
  2. scarring
79
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION what is present during acute inflammation
A
  1. innate immune cells
80
Q
  1. INFLAMMATION what is present during chronic inflammation
A
  1. innate immune cells

2. adaptive immune cells

PHYSL 212 (22 decks)

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