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ANS Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS RELATIONSHIP BW ANS AND OTHER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS what are 2 major communication systems

A
  1. NS

2. ES

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2
Q

WHAT IS RELATIONSHIP BW ANS AND OTHER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS what is NS divided into

A
  1. CNS

2. PNS

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3
Q

WHAT IS RELATIONSHIP BW ANS AND OTHER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS what is PNS divided into

A
  1. autonomic NS

2. somatic NS

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4
Q

WHAT IS RELATIONSHIP BW ANS AND OTHER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS what is autonomic NS divided into

A
  1. afferent pathway

2. efferent pathway

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5
Q

WHAT IS RELATIONSHIP BW ANS AND OTHER COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS what is efferent pathway divided into

A

3 systems

  • sympathetic NS
  • parasympathetic NS
  • enteric NS
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6
Q

what does afferent pathway do

A

messages go from body to ANS

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7
Q

what does efferent pathway do

A

messages go from ANS to body

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8
Q

WHAT ARE MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NS AND ES how does NS act

A

fast

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9
Q

WHAT ARE MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NS AND ES how does ES act

A

slow

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10
Q

WHAT ARE MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NS AND ES what do hormones in ES travel through

A

blood

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11
Q

WHAT ARE GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF OF ANS what are general functions of ANS

A

homeostasis

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12
Q

WHAT ARE GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF OF ANS what is homeostasis

A

regulatory mechanism. that serves to maintain const internal enviro in face of changes

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13
Q

WHAT ARE GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF OF ANS what system does homeostasis not regulate

A

skeletal system

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14
Q

COMPARISON OF AUTONOMIC NS AND SOMATIC NS what does somatic NS innervate

A

skeletal muscle

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15
Q

COMPARISON OF AUTONOMIC NS AND SOMATIC NS what do somatic nerves pass through to get to effectors

A

1 neuron link efferent pathway

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16
Q

COMPARISON OF AUTONOMIC NS AND SOMATIC NS what transmitter involved in taking message to effectors of somatic nerves

A

Ach

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17
Q

COMPARISON OF AUTONOMIC NS AND SOMATIC NS what does autonomic NS innervate

A
  1. smooth muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. glands
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18
Q

COMPARISON OF AUTONOMIC NS AND SOMATIC NS what is response of effectors of autonomic nerves

A
  1. excitatory

2. inhibitory

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19
Q

COMPARISON OF AUTONOMIC NS AND SOMATIC NS what do autonomic nerves pass through to get to effectors

A

2 neuron link efferent pathway

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20
Q

COMPARISON OF AUTONOMIC NS AND SOMATIC NS what transmitters are involved in taking message to effectors of autonomic nerves

A
  1. Ach
  2. norepinephrine
  3. epinephrine
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21
Q

LOCATION OF CELL BODIES OF PRE GANGLIONIC FIBRES where are cell bodies of parasympathetic pre gang fibres located

A
  1. cranial region of brain stem

2. sacral region of brain stem

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22
Q

LOCATION OF CELL BODIES OF PRE GANGLIONIC FIBRES where are cell bodies of sympathetic pre gang fibres located

A
  1. thoracic region of SC

2. lumbar region of SC

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23
Q

what is in centre of spinal cord

A

grey matter

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24
Q

what surrounds grey matter

A

white matter

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25
Q

where are cell bodies of somatic nerves located

A

ventral horn (in grey matter of SC)

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26
Q

what do axons of somatic nerves travel to from ventral horn

A
  1. ventral root
  2. spinal nerve
  3. skeletal muscle
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27
Q

where are cell bodies of parasympathetic pre gang fibres located

A

lateral horn (in grey matter of cranial sacral regions of SC)

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28
Q

where do axons of parasympathetic pre gang axons travel to from lateral horn

A
  1. ventral root
  2. spinal nerve
  3. ganglion
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29
Q

where does parasympathetic post gang neurons terminate

A

ANS targets

  1. smooth muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. glands
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30
Q

where are cell bodies of sympathetic pre gang fibres located

A

lateral horn (in grey matter of thoracic lumbar regions of SC)

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31
Q

where do axons of sympathetic pre gang axons travel to from lateral horn

A
  1. ventral root
  2. spinal nerve
  3. white ramus communicans
  4. sympathetic chain
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32
Q

what happens once sympathetic pre gang axon in sympathetic chain

A
  1. terminate at first ganglion it comes into contact with
  2. terminate at more distant ganglion
  3. terminate at pre vertebral / collateral ganglion
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33
Q

where is pre vertebral / collateral ganglion located

A

in front of vertebral column

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34
Q

where do axons of sympathetic post gang axons travel to from ganglion

A
  1. grey ramus communicans

2. ANS targets

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35
Q

GANGLION what can happen at ganglion

A

1 pre gang fiber communicate w multiple post gang fibres

multiple pre gang fibres communicate w one post gang fibres

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36
Q

GANGLION what is divergence

A

1 pre gang fiber communicate w multiple post gang fibres

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37
Q

GANGLION what is convergence

A

multiple pre gang fibres communicate w one post gang fibre

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38
Q

what happens when post gang fibre reaches smooth muscle

A

split into branches that cover smooth muscle cell

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39
Q

what can be found along branches

A

varicosities

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40
Q

what do varicosities contain

A

vesicles containing transmitter

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41
Q

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what does sympatho stand for

A

sympathetic NS

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42
Q

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what does adrenal stand for

A

adrenal gland

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43
Q

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what is adrenal medulla

A

inner portion of adrenal gland

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44
Q

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what innervates adrenal medulla

A

sympathetic pre gang fibres

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45
Q

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what will sym pre gang fibers communicate with

A

chromaffin cells within adrenal medulla

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46
Q

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what is within chromaffin cells

A

hormones that are produced by adrenal medulla

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47
Q

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what are chromaffin cells equivalent to

A

sym post gang fibres

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48
Q

SYMPATHO ADRENAL SYSTEM what is the function of sym pre gang fibres

A

stimulate chromaffin cells to release hormones

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49
Q

ANS TRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS what transmitter released from axon terminal of somatic nerve

A

Ach

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50
Q

ANS TRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS what transmitter released from parasym pre gang fibres

A

Ach

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51
Q

ANS TRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS what transmitter released from sym pre gang fibres

A

Ach

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52
Q

ANS TRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS what trasnmitter released from parasym post gang fibres

A

Ach

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53
Q

ANS TRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS what transmitter released from sym post gang fibres

A

NA

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54
Q

ANS TRANSMITTERS AND RECEPTORS what hormones does adrenal medulla store and release

A
  1. adrenaline

2. NA

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55
Q

CHOLINERGIC NERVE TERMINAL where is Ach produced

A

terminals of parasym + sym pre gang fibres

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56
Q

CHOLINERGIC NERVE TERMINAL how is Ach produced

A

Acetyl CoA + choline

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57
Q

CHOLINERGIC NERVE TERMINAL what causes reaction bw Acetyl CoA and choline

A

acetyl trasnferase

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58
Q

CHOLINERGIC NERVE TERMINAL where is Ach stored

59
Q

CHOLINERGIC NERVE TERMINAL what causes Ach to be released

60
Q

CHOLINERGIC NERVE TERMINAL what happens when AP from axon travels to terminal

A
  1. Ca channels open
  2. Ca ions flow into terminal
  3. Ca causes vesicles to migrate to outer mem
  4. vesicles fuse to outer mem
  5. vesicles release contents
61
Q

CHOLINERGIC NERVE TERMINAL how is Ach cleared away

A

acetyl cholinesterase breaks down Ach into choline + acetate

62
Q

NA / A VARICOSITY where is NA produced

A

terminals of sym post gang fibres

63
Q

NA / A VARICOSITY what is NA produced from

A

aa tyrosine

64
Q

NA / A VARICOSITY what happens when aa tyrosine enters varicosity

A
  1. tyrosine converted to DOPA

2. DOPA converted to dopamine (DA)

65
Q

NA / A VARICOSITY what happens to DA produced in varicosity

A

moves into vesicles within varicosity

66
Q

NA / A VARICOSITY what happens to DA when it is inside vesicle within varicosity

A

DA converted to NA

67
Q

NA / A VARICOSITY how is NA released

68
Q

NA / A VARICOSITY what receptors do NA bind to

A

adrenergic receptors

69
Q

NA / A VARICOSITY how is NA cleared away

A

taken back up into varicosity

70
Q

what receptors does Ach bind to

A

cholinergic receptors

71
Q

what receptors do NA and adrenaline bind to

A

adrenergic receptors

72
Q

what are cholinergic receptors divided into

A
  1. nicotinic cholinergic receptors

2. muscarinic cholinergic receptors

73
Q

what are nicotinic cholinergic receptors divided into

74
Q

where are Nm nicotinic receptors found

A

skeletal muscle

75
Q

where are Nn nicotinic receptors found

A
  1. adrenal medulla

2. autonomic ganglia

76
Q

what are muscarinic cholinergic receptors

77
Q

where are M1- M5 receptors located

A

ANS targets innervated by para sym post gang fibres

78
Q

what can NA act as

A
  1. transmitter

2. hormone

79
Q

when does NA act as transmitter

A

when released from sym post gang fibres

80
Q

when does NA act as hormone

A

when released from adrenal medulla

81
Q

what are adrenergic receptors divided into

A
  1. alpha

2. beta

82
Q

where are adrenergic receptors located

A

ANS targets that get acted on by NA

83
Q

what kind of receptors are cholinergic nicotinic receptors

A
  • ligand gated ion channel receptors

- ionotropic receptors

84
Q

what kind of receptors are cholinergic muscarinic receptors + adrenergic receptors

A

metabotropic receptors

85
Q

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS how many subunits

86
Q

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS what is state of pore most of time

87
Q

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS what happens when Ach transmitter binds to receptor

A

changes from closed state to opened state

88
Q

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS what subunit does Ach transmitter bind to

89
Q

MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS + ADRENERGIC what is another name for muscarinic + adrenergic receptors

A

serpentine

90
Q

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS what do serpentine receptors contain

91
Q

HOW DOES TRANSMITTER BRING ABOUT RESPONSE INSIDE CELL what happens when Ach binds to nicotinic receptor

A
  1. gate in pore opens
  2. Na ions move into cell
  3. EPSP
  4. voltage gated Na channels to open
  5. more Na move from outside of cell to inside of cell
92
Q

what kind of receptors are muscarinic and adrenergic

A

G protein coupled receptors

93
Q

what is the function of enzymes

A

catalyze production of second messenger

94
Q

what form do protein kinases exist in

A

inactive form

95
Q

what activates protein kinases

A

second messenger

96
Q

what does NANC stand for

A

non cholinergic non adrenergic

97
Q

what are 4 NANC transmitters

A
  1. peptides
  2. amines
  3. amino acids
  4. gases
98
Q

how are most targets of ANS innervated

A

dually

  • parasympathetic
  • sympathetic
99
Q

why are most targets of ANS dually innervated

A

balance activity of parasympathetic + sympathetic

100
Q

what are 4 exceptions to dual innervation

A
  1. sweat glands
  2. arterioles
  3. urinary bladder
  4. genitalia
101
Q

what does activation of 2 systems sometimes produce

A

similar / complementary effects

102
Q

what happens when both parasym and sym innervating genitalia are activated

A
  • parasym ==> point

- sym ==> shoot

103
Q

what are actions of parasympathetic NS referred to as

A

rest + digest

104
Q

what are actions of sympathetic NS referred to as

A

fright + fight + flight

105
Q

FRIGHT + FIGHT + FLIGHT when does sym + sympatho adrenal system function

A
  1. all the time to maintain homeostasis

2. some of time in emergency situations

106
Q

FRIGHT + FIGHT + FLIGHT what happens when sympathetic system activated in emergency situation (cardio-6)

A
  1. increased heart rate
  2. increase force of contraction
  3. increased bp
  4. increased blood flow to essential tissues
  5. decreased blood flow to non-essential tissues
  6. dilated airways
107
Q

FRIGHT + FIGHT + FLIGHT what happens when sympathetic system activated in emergency situation (metabolism - 2)

A
  1. increased breakdown of glycogen

2. increased breakdown of fats

108
Q

FRIGHT + FIGHT + FLIGHT what happens when sympathetic system activated in emergency situation (others-3)

A
  1. pupils dilate
  2. eyelids retract
  3. increased sweating
109
Q

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES what is general scheme of reflex arc

A
  1. stimulus
  2. receptor
  3. afferent / sensory pathway
  4. integrator in brain or spinal cord
  5. efferent / motor pathway
  6. effector
  7. response
110
Q

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES what are 3 centres in CNS for integrating autonomic reflexes

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. medulla
  3. spinal cord
111
Q

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES what autonomic reflexes are integrated in hypo

A
  1. temp regulation
112
Q

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES what autonomic reflexes are integrated in medulla

A
  1. blood pressure
113
Q

AUTONOMIC REFLEXES what reflexes are integrated in SC

A
  1. urination
  2. defecation
  3. erection
114
Q

MICTURITION REFLEX what is micturition

A

putting out of urine from urinary bladder

115
Q

MICTURITION REFLEX what is urinary bladder composed of

A

smooth muscle

116
Q

MICTURITION REFLEX what innervates smooth muscle of urinary bladder

A

parasympathetic NS

117
Q

MICTURITION REFLEX how can urine be stores in bladder

A

external sphincter closed

118
Q

MICTURITION REFLEX what innervates external sphincter

A

somatic NS

119
Q

MICTURITION REFLEX what causes urination

A
  1. stretch
  2. stretch receptors
  3. afferent / sensory pathway
  4. integrate in SC
  5. efferent / motor pathway (parasympathetic)
  6. Ach released at smooth muscle cell
  7. smooth muscle contracts
120
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION what happens when arterioles narrow

A

high resistance to blood flow

harder for blood to flow through

121
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION what happens when arterioles wide

A

low resistance to blood flow (easier for blood to flow through )

122
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION what is bp equation

A

heart rate x force x resistance (offered by arterioles)

123
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION what happens when bp increases

A
  1. stretch
  2. stretch receptors
  3. afferent / sensory pathway
  4. integrate in medulla
  5. efferent / motor pathway (parasym + sym)
124
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION what needs to happen for bp to decrease

A
  1. decrease heart rate
  2. decrease force
  3. decrease resistance offered by arterioles
125
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION what causes bp to decrease

A
  1. increase parasympathetic activity

2. decrease sympathetic activity

126
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG how to gain heat

A

increase metabolism

127
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG how to lose heat

A
  1. radiation

2. evaporation

128
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG what is radiation

A
  1. more blood flow to skin
  2. more heat brought to skin
  3. more heat can be lost through radiation
129
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG how can body temp be increased

A
  1. increase production of heat

2. decrease loss of heat

130
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG how can we increase heat production

A
  1. increase metabolism

increase activity of sympathetic NS

131
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG how can we decrease loss of heat

A
  1. piloerection (increase activity of sym NS)
  2. vasoconstriction (increase activity of sym NS)
  3. inhibit sweating (decrease activity of sym NS)
132
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG what is piloerection

A
  • hairs on skin stand on end

- hairs on skin trap layer of relatively warm air

133
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG why would we want vasoconstriction

A
  • reduced blood flow to skin

- reduced heat loos

134
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG why would we want to inhibit sweating

A
  • less evaporation
135
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG what kind of nerve innervates sweat glands

A

sym post gang fibers

136
Q

ROLE OF ANS IN TEMP REG what kind of transmitter released from sym post gang fibres that innervate sweat glands

A

Ach instead of NA

137
Q

DRUGS what can drug interfere with

A
  1. synthesis of transmitter
  2. storage of transmitter in vesicles
  3. release of transmitter
  4. inactivation of transmitter
  5. receptors
138
Q

DRUGS what is agonist

A

drug that binds to receptor of transmitter and activates them

139
Q

DRUGS what are antagonists

A

drugs that binds to receptor of transmitter and prevents transmitter from binding

140
Q

DRUGS what is atropine

A

muscarinic receptor agonist

141
Q

DRUGS what fibres act on muscarinic receptors

A

parasympathetic post gang fibres

142
Q

DRUGS what happens when Ach binds to muscarinic receptors in pupil

A

pupil dilates

143
Q

DRUGS what happens when atropine gets in eye

A

pupil dilates

PHYSL 212 (22 decks)

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