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PHYSL 212 > CARDIO 2 > Flashcards

CARDIO 2 Flashcards

1
Q

where are atrial ventricular valves found

A

bw atria and ventricles

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2
Q

what is bicuspid / mitral valve

A

AV valve bw L atrium and L ventricle

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3
Q

what is tricuspid valve

A

AV valve bw R atrium and R ventricle

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4
Q

where are SL valves found

A

bw ventricles and arteries which ventricles pump their blood to

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5
Q

what is aortic valve

A

SL valve bw L ventrice and aorta

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6
Q

what is pulmonary valve

A

SL valve bw R ventricle and pulmonary trunk / pulmonary artery

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7
Q

what do valves contain

A

flaps

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8
Q

what is base of valve attached to

A

valve rings

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9
Q

what do valves allow for

A

unidirectional flow

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10
Q

what causes valves to open

A

differences in pressure (passive)

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11
Q

why is opening and closing of valve passive

A

does not require energy to open / close

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12
Q

what kind of pressure gradient opens valves

A
  • forward pressure gradient

- pressure greater behind valve

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13
Q

what kind of pressure gradient closes valves

A
  • backward pressure gradient

- pressure greater infront of valve

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14
Q

what causes AV valves to open

A

pressure in atria greater than pressure in ventricles

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15
Q

what causes AV valves to close

A

pressure in ventricles greater than pressure in atria

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16
Q

what makes up AV valve apparatus (3)

A
  1. flaps
  2. chordae tendinae
  3. papillary
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17
Q

what is function of papillary muscle

A

pull on chordae tendinae causing them to become tight

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18
Q

when do papillary muscles contract

A

when ventricle contracts

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19
Q

why do papillary muscles contract when ventricles contract

A
  • pressure increases in ventricles
  • AV valve closes
  • chordae tendinae keeps AV valve closed
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20
Q

what makes AV valves diff from SL valves

A
  • AV valves have valve apparatus

- SL valves do not have valve apparatus

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21
Q

what is cardiac skeleton made of

A

dense CT separating atria and ventricles

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22
Q

what does cardiac skeleton include

A
  1. valve rings

2. dense CT bw valve rings

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23
Q

what is result of cardiac skeleton being made of dense CT

A

not electrically active

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24
Q

what does cardiac skeleton block

A

direct spread of impulse from atria to ventricles

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25
Q

what is cardiac muscle considered

A

syncytium

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26
Q

why is cardiac muscle considered syncytium

A

myocytes act together

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27
Q

what allows for myocytes to act together

A
  1. physical coupling (desmosomes)
  2. electrical coupling (gap junctions
  3. chemical coupling (gap junctions)
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28
Q

what are 2 functional syncytia in heart

A
  • L and R atrium =1

- L and R ventricle = 1

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29
Q

what kind of property does heart have

A

all or none

  • all myocytes respond + are excited
  • no myocytes respond + are excited
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30
Q

how does heart contact in series

A
  1. L and R atria depolarize and contract

2. L and R ventricles depolarize and contract

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31
Q

what does and does not generate AP s in hearr

A

does ==> heart

does not ==> neural stimulation + hormonal stimulation

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32
Q

what is AP origin

A

myogenic / muscular

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33
Q

what are 2 types of myocytes

A
  1. contractile cells

2. conducting cells

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34
Q

what is the function of contractile cells

A
  1. squeezing blood

2. propelling blood

35
Q

where do contractile cells receive AP s from

A
  1. adjacent contractile cells

2. conducting cells

36
Q

what is the function of conducting cells

A
  1. initiate AP
  2. conduct AP
  3. cause contractile cells to contract
37
Q

what kind of cells are conducting cells

A

auto-rhythmic

38
Q

what do conducting cells make up

A

conducting system of heart

39
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what are regions of conducting system

A
  1. SA node
  2. inter nodal pathways
  3. AV node
  4. bundle of his
  5. L and R bundle branches
  6. purkinje fibres
40
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what is located in regions of conducting system

A

conducting myocytes

41
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM where do inter nodal pathways extend from

A
  1. SA node to AV node

2. R atrium to L atrium

42
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what does bundle of his pass through

A

cardiac skeleton

43
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what do L and R bundle branches pass through

A

inter ventricular septum

44
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM where do L and R bundle branches separate

A

apex

45
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what do purkinje fibres pass through

A

ventricular myocardium

46
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what is only electrical connection bw atria and ventricles

A
  1. AV node

2. bundle of his

47
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM how do regions of conducting system differ

A

rate w which they generate AP s

48
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what region of conducting system generates AP s at fastest rate

A

SA node

49
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what is SA node referred to as

A

cardiac pace maker

50
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM why is SA node referred to as pace maker

A

generates AP s that set heart rate

51
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what happens when SA node generates AP

A
  1. AP spreads through inter-nodal pathways to contractile cells in L and R atria
  2. AP spreads through inter-nodal pathways to AV node
52
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what happens when AP travels through inter-nodal pathways to AV node

A

only atria contracts

53
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what is AV delay

A

slow propagation of AP s from AV node to bundle of his

54
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what does AV delay ensure

A
  1. ventricles relaxed while atria contracting

2. ventricles have enough time to fill w blood before contracting

55
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM how does excitation travel through conducting system

A

gap junctions

56
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM how does excitation travel from conducting cell to contractile cell

A

gap junctions

57
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what happens at same time that excitation traveling to AV node

A

excitation travelling from conducting cells to contractile cells

58
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what happens when excitation spreads to contractile cells in atrial myocardium while excitation spreads to AV node

A
  1. atrial myocardium contracts

2. atrial myocardium relaxes

59
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what happens after atrial myocardium relaxes

A
  1. excitation spreads to bundle of his
  2. excitation spreads to L and R bundle branches
  3. excitation spreads to purkinje fibres
60
Q

CONDUCTING SYSTEM what happens when excitation spreads to purkinje fibres

A
  1. ventricular myocardium contracts

2. ventricular myocardium relaxes

61
Q

what are 2 types of AP s in heart

A
  1. fast response AP

2. slow response AP

62
Q

what produces fast response AP s (3)

A
  1. contractile myocytes of atrial myocardium
  2. contractile myocytes of ventricular myocardium
  3. conducting myocytes
    a. bundle of his
    b. L and R bundle branches
    c. purkinje fibres
63
Q

what produces slow response AP s (2)

A
  1. conducting myocytes
    a. SA node
    b. AV node
64
Q

what is fast response AP

A

rapid rate of depol

65
Q

what is slow response AP

A

slow rate of depol

66
Q

what is concentration of K inside and outside cell

A
  • inside, high

- outside, low

67
Q

what is concentration of Na inside and outside cell

A
  • inside, low

- outside, high

68
Q

what is concentration of Ca inside and outside cell

A
  • inside, low

- outside , high

69
Q

SLOW AP what are phases of slow AP

A
  1. pacemaker potential
  2. depol
  3. repol
70
Q

SLOW AP what is pacemaker potential

A

gradual depol to threshold

71
Q

SLOW AP what is rate of pacemaker potential

A

slow

72
Q

SLOW AP what is function of pacemaker potential

A

generate AP wout nerves or hormones (external stimuli)

73
Q

SLOW AP what ion channels are involved in pacemaker potential

A
  1. K channel
  2. F type channel
  3. T type channel
74
Q

SLOW AP how do K channels contribute to pacemaker potential

A
  • K out

- makes mem potential neg

75
Q

SLOW AP how do F type channels contribute to pacemaker potential

A
  • Na in

- depolarizing current

76
Q

SLOW AP how do T type channels contribute to pacemaker potential

A
  • Ca in
  • depolarizing current
    (FINAL DEPOLARIZING BOOST)
77
Q

SLOW AP what channels are involved in depol

A
  1. L type channel
78
Q

SLOW AP what are characteristics of L type channel

A
  1. open slowly
  2. open for long period of time
  3. depol mem slowly
79
Q

SLOW AP what channels are involved in repol

A
  1. K channel
80
Q

SLOW AP how to K channels contribute to repol

A
  • K out

- makes mem potential neg

81
Q

SLOW AP what is happening to K channels during pacemaker potential

A
  • starting to close

- less K out

82
Q

SLOW AP how long do T type channels remain open

A

briefly

83
Q

SLOW AP what happens when mem potential reaches new transiently pos value

A
  1. L type channels close

2. K channels open

84
Q

SLOW AP how does pacemaker potential of AV node differ from pacemaker potential of SA node

A

rise to threshold more slow

PHYSL 212 (22 decks)

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