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PHYSL 212 > CARDIO > Flashcards

CARDIO Flashcards

1
Q

what is hemodynamics

A

study of blood flow

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2
Q

what does hemodynamics look at

A

relationship b w

  • blood flow
  • blood pressure
  • resistance to blood flow
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3
Q

what determines blood flow

A
  1. pressure difference bw 2 diff points

2. resistance to blood flow

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4
Q

what is blood flow formula

A

blood flow = (pressure diff bw 2 diff points) / resistance to blood flow

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5
Q

what does not determine blood flow

A

absolute pressure at any given point

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6
Q

what is resistance to blood flow

A

how difficult it is for blood to move bw 2 diff points at any given pressure

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7
Q

how does blood flow

A
  • down pressure gradient

- from region of higher pressure to region of lower pressure

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8
Q

what provides driving force for blood flow

A

pressure diff

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9
Q

what is required for blood to flow

A
  • pressure diff needs to overcome resistance to blood flow

- delta P > R

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10
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure or “pressure”

A

pressure that vol of blood exerts on walls of blood vessels that contain it

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11
Q

why can’t resistance be measured

A

determined by several factors

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12
Q

what factors determine resistance to blood flow

A
  1. viscosity of blood
  2. length of blood vessel
  3. diameter of blood vessel
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13
Q

what is viscosity

A

friction bw molecules of flowing fluid

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14
Q

what is result of blood become more viscous

A
  • more friction bw molecules of flowing fluid

- greater resistance to blood flow

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15
Q

what does greater contact bw walls and blood result in

A
  • greater friction

- greater resistance to blood flow

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16
Q

what do vessels with longer length produce

A
  • greater friction

- greater resistance to blood flow

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17
Q

what do vessels with shorter length produce

A
  • less friction

- less resistance to blood flow

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18
Q

what does constriction of blood vessel result in

A

decrease diameter of blood vessel

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19
Q

what does dilation of blood vessel result in

A

increase diameter of blood vessel

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20
Q

how does blood travel through blood vessels

A

concentric layers

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21
Q

what do vessels w smaller diameter produce

A
  • greater friction

- greater resistance to blood flow

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22
Q

why do blood vessels with smaller diameter produce greater friction + greater resistance to flow

A
  • less concentric layers

- more blood in contact w blood vessel walls

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23
Q

what do vessels w larger diameter produce

A
  • less friction

- less resistance to blood flow

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24
Q

why do blood vessels with smaller diameter produce less friction + less resistance to blood flow

A
  • more concentric layers

- less blood in contact w blood vessel walls

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25
Q

what does poiseuille’s equation define

A

relationship bw

  • viscosity
  • blood vessel length
  • blood vessel diameter / radius
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26
Q

when does poiseuille’s equation apply

A

laminar flow

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27
Q

what is laminar flow

A

flow that is

a. slow
b. regular

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28
Q

what factor has greatest effect on resistance

A

diameter / radius

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29
Q

what does small change in vessel diameter result in

A

large change in resistance

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30
Q

what is poiseuille’s equation

A

resistance = (8 x viscosity x length of vessel) / (pi x radius of vessel to the power of 4)

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31
Q

what are functions of cardiovascular system (5)

A
  1. deliver oxygen and nutrients
  2. remove waste
  3. allow fast chemical signalling to cells by circulating hormones or transmitters
  4. thermoregulation
  5. mediate inflammatory and host response
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32
Q

3 components of cardiovascular system

A
  1. heart
  2. blood vessels
  3. blood
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33
Q

what can vessels be divided into

A
  1. arteries
  2. arterioles
  3. capillaries
  4. venules
  5. veins
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34
Q

what kind of system is cardiovascular system

A

closed system

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35
Q

what are 4 chambers of heart

A
  • 2 atria

- 2 ventricles

36
Q

how are walls of atria characterized

A
  • thin

- low pressure

37
Q

how are walls of ventricles characterized

A
  • thick

- high pressure

38
Q

what is function of atria

A

receive blood returning to heart

39
Q

what are 2 great veins

A
  1. superior vena cava

2. inferior vena cava

40
Q

what are 2 great arteries

A
  1. aorta

2. pulmonary trunk

41
Q

what does L side of heart pump

A

highly ox blood

42
Q

what does R side of heart pump

A

highly deox blood

43
Q

what is function of septa

A

prevent mixing of ox and deox blood

44
Q

what separates L and R atria

A

interatrial septum

45
Q

what separates L and T ventricles

A

interventricular septum

46
Q

where does L side of heart pump its blood

A
  • ox

- systemic circuit

47
Q

where does R side of heart pump its blood

A
  • deox

- pulmonary circuit

48
Q

what kind of blood enters lungs

A

de ox

49
Q

what happens to blood that enter lungs

A

oxygen diffuses from lung tissue to blood

50
Q

what kind of blood leaves lungs

A

ox

51
Q

what kind of blood enters body tissues

A

ox

52
Q

what happens to blood that enter body tissues

A

oxygen diffuses from blood to interstitial fluid

53
Q

what kind of blood leaves body tissues

A

de ox

54
Q

what is pathway of blood

A
  1. L atrium receives ox blood from pulmonary vein
  2. L ventricle pumps ox blood to systemic circuit through aorta
  3. ox blood becomes deox blood
  4. R atrium receives deox blood from from superior + inferior vena cava
  5. R ventricle pumps deox blood to pulmonary circut through pulmonary artery
  6. deoc blood becomes ox blood
  7. L atrium receives ox blood from pulmonary vein
55
Q

where does each circuit start and end

A

heart

56
Q

how does blood flow in cardiovascular system

A

in series / in sequence

57
Q

how does blood flow occur in systemic circuit

A

in parallel

58
Q

what does it mean for blood flow to occur in parallel in systemic circuit

A

separate arteries supply each organ

59
Q

what is exception to parallel blood flow

A

liver

60
Q

what does parallel blood flow allow

A

regulation of blood flow to each region

  • increasing blood flow when necessary
  • decreasing blood flow when necessary
61
Q

what is pericardium

A

sac surrounding

a. heart
b. roots of great blood vessels

62
Q

what are great blood vessels

A
  1. aorta
  2. pulmonary trunk
  3. vena cava
63
Q

PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE how many layers of pericardium

A

3

64
Q

PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what are 3 layers of pericardium

A
  1. fibrous pericardium
  2. serous pericardium
  3. visceral pericardium
65
Q

PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what are functions of fibrous pericardium

A
  1. protection
  2. stabilize heart in thoracic cavity
  3. prevent over filling of heart
66
Q

PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE how does fibrous pericardium stabilize heart in thoracic cavity

A

attaches to structures in chest

67
Q

PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE how does fibrous pericardium precent overfilling

A

does not stretch readily

68
Q

PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what makes up serous pericardium

A
  1. parietal

2. visceral

69
Q

PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what is parietal layer

A

layer composed of cells that secrete fluid

70
Q

PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what separates parietal pericardium from visceral pericardium

A

pericardial cavity

71
Q

PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what is inner most layer

A

visceral pericardium

72
Q

PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what is visceral pericardium part of

A

heart wall

73
Q

PERICARDIAL STRUCTURE what is the function of pericardial fluid secreted by serous layer

A

reduce friction bw pericardial mems

74
Q

what does thickness of L ventricle allow

A

generation of higher pressure during contraction

75
Q

what does generation of higher pressure during contraction allow

A

allows for blood to be pumped to entire systemic circuit

76
Q

HEART WALL what are components of heart wall

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
77
Q

HEART WALL what is epicardium

A

where visceral pericardium comes into contact w heart wall

78
Q

HEART WALL what does epicardium consist of

A

1 layer of simple squamous epithelium

79
Q

HEART WALL what is attached to 1 layer of simple squamous epithelium

A

layer of CT (myocardium)

80
Q

HEART WALL what is myocardium

A

muscular wall of heart

81
Q

HEART WALL what does myocardium contain

A
  1. myocytes
  2. nerves
  3. blood vessels
82
Q

HEART WALL what does endocardium line

A
  1. heart cavities

2. heart valves

83
Q

HEART WALL what is endocardium

A

thin layer of epithelium

84
Q

HEART WALL what does endothelium provide

A

smooth surface for blood to flow over

85
Q

HEART WALL how does heart wall differ bw atria and ventricles

A

ventricles have thicker myocardium

86
Q

what are gap junctions important for

A

spreading AP through atria and ventricles

PHYSL 212 (22 decks)

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