BLOOD Flashcards
1
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what are major functions of blood
A
- transport
- defense
- hemostasis
2
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what is hemostasis
A
prevention of blood loss
3
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what does blood travel though
A
blood vessels
4
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what does it mean for blood cells to sediment
A
fall to bottom of tube
5
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what causes sedimentation
A
1, gravity
2. centrifugal force
6
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what is hematocrit
A
percentage of total blood vol that is occupied by RBC that fall to bottom of tube
7
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what are the layers from centrifugation from top of tube to bottom of tube
A
- plasma
- WBC + platelets ==> buddy coat
- RBC
8
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD how to determine hematocrit
A
height of RBC / height of all blood
9
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what is plasma
A
fluid portion of blood
10
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what is plasma a part of
A
body’s ECF
11
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD why is plasma part of body’s ECF
A
plasma is outside cells that are within blood vessel
12
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what are components of ECF
A
- plasma
2. interstitial fluid
13
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD where is interstitial fluid
A
outside blood vessel
14
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what is composition of plasma (4)
A
- water
- electrolytes
- substances being transported
- plasma proteins
15
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what are 3 main groups of plasma proteins
A
- globulins
- albumen
- fibrinogen
16
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function of plasma proteins (5)
A
- distributing body water
- buffering
- transporting
- defense
- hemostasis
17
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what do plasma proteins contribute to
A
osmotic gradient
18
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what happens if conc of plasma proteins inside blood vessel decreases
A
less water moves from tissues to blood vessel
19
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what happens if conc of plasma proteins inside blood vessel increases
A
more water moves from tissue to blood vessel
20
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what are plasma proteins
A
hormones
21
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what do plasma proteins do w hormones they bind
A
carry them throughout blood
22
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what are 3 major cell types in blood
A
- RBC
- WBC
- platelets
23
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD what are the different types of WBC
A
- neutrophil
- eosinophil
- basophil
- monocyte
- T lymphocyte
- B lymphocyte
24
Q
INTRO TO BLOOD order of cells from most numerous to least numerous
A
- RBC
- platelets
- WBC
25
INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function of RBC
transport oxygen
26
INTRO TO BLOOD what is the shape of RBC
circular
27
INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function fo platelets
hemostasis
28
INTRO TO BLOOD what is the shape of platelets
circular
29
INTRO TO BLOOD what is size of platelet
smaller than RBC
30
INTRO TO BLOOD how are WBC grouped together
1. polymorphonuclear granulocytes
2. monocyte
3. lymphocytes
31
INTRO TO BLOOD what are polymorphonuclear granulocytes
1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils
3. basophils
32
INTRO TO BLOOD how many nuclei do poly granulocytes contain
1
33
INTRO TO BLOOD what does 1 nucleus contain
multiple lobes
34
INTRO TO BLOOD what does granulocyte mean
cyto contains granules
35
INTRO TO BLOOD what are the largest type of WBC
monocytes
36
INTRO TO BLOOD what are the lymphocytes
T and B
37
INTRO TO BLOOD what is overall role of WBC s
defense
38
INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function of neutrophils
phagocytosis
39
INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function of eosinophils
defence against parasites
40
INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function of basophils
inflammation
41
INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function of monocytes
phagocytosis
42
INTRO TO BLOOD what are B cells involved in
humoral immunity
43
INTRO TO BLOOD what are T cells involved in
cellular immunity
44
INTRO TO BLOOD what is hematopoiesis
process of producing blood cell types
45
INTRO TO BLOOD where does location of hematopoiesis depend on
age
46
INTRO TO BLOOD where does hematopoiesis occur post natal
bone marrow
47
INTRO TO BLOOD where does hematopoiesis occur pre natal
1. yolk sac
2. liver
3. spleen
48
INTRO TO BLOOD what does hematopoiesis begin with
multi potential stem cell
49
INTRO TO BLOOD where is multi potential stem cell located
inside bone marrow
50
INTRO TO BLOOD what does multi potential stem cell undergo
division
51
INTRO TO BLOOD what happens during division of multi potential stem cell
1. one offspring remains as stem cell
| 2. one offspring goes on to get differentiated
52
INTRO TO BLOOD what happens after being differentiated into diff cell types
cells can pass into blood
53
INTRO TO BLOOD where are B cells produced
in bone marrow
54
INTRO TO BLOOD where are T cells produced
in thymus
55
INTRO TO BLOOD what is end point of all cell types
blodd vessels
56
INTRO TO BLOOD which cell types remain in blood vessels
1. RBC
| 2. platelets
57
INTRO TO BLOOD which cell type moves into tissues
WBC s
58
INTRO TO BLOOD what happens when monocyte monocyte moves into tissue
converted into macrophage
59
INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function of macrophages
phagocytosis
60
INTRO TO BLOOD what are lymphocytes able to do
go bw blood and tissue
61
RBC what is shape of RBC
biconcave
62
RBC what does RBC lose before it enters blood vessel
organelles
63
RBC what is result of losing organelles
1. short life span
| 2. more room for Hb
64
RBC how does RBC transport oxygen
oxygen binds to Hb
65
RBC what does biconcave shape allow
flexibility
66
RBC why do RBCs need to be flexible
to move through small vessels
67
RBC what are 2 main parts of Hb
1. heme
| 2. globin
68
RBC what is heme
non proteins
69
RBC what is globin
protein
70
RBC what is globin made of
4 globin peptide chains
71
RBC how many heme units
4
72
RBC what is each heme unit connected to
1 of 4 globin chains
73
RBC what is structure of heme unit
ring shaped
74
RBC what is in center of each heme unit
Fe ++
75
RBC where does O2 bind to on Hb
Fe ++
76
RBC what is process called when oxygen binds to ferrous ion
oxygenation
77
RBC what happens to iron after oxygenation
- does remain ferrous ion
| - does not get oxidized to ferric form
78
RBC what does oxidation involve
gain oxygen
79
RBC what is each of the 4 heme units associated with
Fe ++
80
RBC what is each Fe ++ ion able to do
bind one oxygen
81
RBC what is max number of oxygen that can bind to one Hb molecule
4
82
RBC how does Fe get into bone marrow
1. diet
2. small intestine
3. blood
4. bone marrow
83
RBC what is bone marrow site of
precursor molecules incorporate Fe into Hb
84
RBC where do precursor RBCs do final maturation
in blood
85
RBC what happens to RBCs at end of life span
break down in spleeen
86
RBC what is erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone released by kidneys that stimulates production of RBC
87
RBC what stimulates production of erythropoietin (EPO)
hypoxia / lack of oxxygen
88
RBC what does increasing production of RBC result in
increased oxygen levels
89
RBC where does EPO go when it is released by kidneys
bone marrow
90
RBC what happens when RBC s break down
1. Hb released from RBC
2. Hb broken down into heme + globin
3. globin broken down into aa
4. heme broken down into Fe and biliverdin
91
RBC what happens to the Fe released from heme during breakdown of RBC
1. goes to liver via blood where it can be stored for later use
2. does to bone marrow via blood where it can be used to make new Hb
92
RBC what is anemia
decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood
93
RBC what causes anemia
1. deficient in RBC
| 2. deficient in Hb. (in RBC)
94
RBC what are causes of anemia
1. bone marrow does not produce enough RBC
2. increased destruction of RBC
3. increased loss of RBC
4. abnormal Hb production
95
RBC what is most common cause of anemia
lack of iron
96
RBC what does Hb A contain
- 2 alpha globin chains
| - 2 beta globin chains
97
RBC what happens in sickle cell anemia
- alpha chains stay same
| - beta chains change
98
RBC what is result of sickle cell anemia
- RBC becomes sickle shaped
| - RBC become inflexible
99
RBC what is vit B 12 necessary for
production of normal numbers of normally functioning RBC s
100
RBC what happens at higher altitudes when there is less O2 available
1. increased EPO
| 2. increased RBC production
101
PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS what is the function of pro hemostatic or pro coagulant factors
prevent blood loss
102
PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS what is the function of anti hemostatic or anti coagulant factors
does not prevent blood loss
103
PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS what is major way blood loss prevented
coagulation
104
PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS when is blood kept fluid in body
most of time
105
PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS what happens when blood vessel damages and blood spurting out
1. vasoconstriction
2. primary hemostasis ==> platelet plug
3. secondary hemostasis ==> blood coagulation
106
PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS why is vasoconstriction not enough by itself to prevent blood loss
high pressure blood able to over come vasoconstriction
107
PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS why is platelet plug nor enough to prevent blood loss
high pressure able to push away platelet plug
108
PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS where do platelets come from
hematopoietic stem cell ==> mega karyocyte
109
PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS what do mega karyocytes contain
1 nucleus w multiple lobes
110
PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS how do platelets form from mega karyocytes
thrombopoietin causes cyto of megakaryocytes to break into fragments
111
PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS what organelle is platelet lacking
nucleus
112
PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS why are platelets lacking nucleus
come from cyto of mega karyocytes
113
PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS what are 2 main granules in platelets
1. alpha granules
| 2. beta granules
114
PLATELET PLUG what are 3 A's
1. adhesion
2. activation
3. aggregation
115
PLATELET PLUG what happens in adhesion
platelets stick to damaged vessel wall
116
PLATELET PLUG what happens in activation
1. platelets change from disc to round shape
2. platelets express various receptors
3. platelets secrete various substances
117
PLATELET PLUG what happens in aggregation
platelet stick to each other
118
PLATELET PLUG what forms lining of lumen
endothelial cells
119
PLATELET PLUG what surrounds endothelial cells
sub-endothelium
120
PLATELET PLUG what is located in sub endothelium
collagen
121
PLATELET PLUG what happens during vasoconstriction
1. smooth muscle contracts
| 2. lumen becomes narrow
122
PLATELET PLUG what initiates formation of platelet plug
exposure of collagen to blood
123
PLATELET PLUG how do platelets stick to collagen
intermediary molecules
124
PLATELET PLUG what are intermediary molecules
VWF molecules
125
PLATELET PLUG what produces VWF molecules
1. platelets
| 2. endothelial cells
126
PLATELET PLUG what happens when VWF binds to receptors on platelets
1. platelets become activated
| 2. platelets expose receptors
127
PLATELET PLUG what does exposure of receptors on platelets allow
binding of fibrinogen plasma protein to surface of platelet
128
PLATELET PLUG what does fibrinogen plasma protein allow
aggregation of platelets
129
PLATELET PLUG what are steps in platelet plug formation
1. collagen exposed to blood
2. platelets stick to collagen through VWF molecules
3. platelets become activated
4. platelets expose receptor sites for fibrinogen
5. fibrinogen binds to surface of platelets
6. platelets aggregate
130
PLATELET PLUG what are activated platelets able to release
1. 5HT / serotonin
2. TXA2
3. ADP
4. PL
131
PLATELET PLUG what is the function of 5HT and TXA2
vasoconstriction
132
PLATELET PLUG what are 2 causes of vasoconstriction
1. reflex response
| 2. substances released by platelets
133
PLATELET PLUG what is the function of TXA2, ADP and PL
further platelet aggregation
134
PLATELET PLUG what is the function of phospholipids expressed on activated platelet
production of thrombin
135
PLATELET PLUG what is the function of thrombin
further platelet aggregation
