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PHYSL 212 > BLOOD > Flashcards

BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what are major functions of blood

A
  1. transport
  2. defense
  3. hemostasis
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2
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is hemostasis

A

prevention of blood loss

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3
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what does blood travel though

A

blood vessels

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4
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what does it mean for blood cells to sediment

A

fall to bottom of tube

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5
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what causes sedimentation

A

1, gravity

2. centrifugal force

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6
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is hematocrit

A

percentage of total blood vol that is occupied by RBC that fall to bottom of tube

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7
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what are the layers from centrifugation from top of tube to bottom of tube

A
  1. plasma
  2. WBC + platelets ==> buddy coat
  3. RBC
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8
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD how to determine hematocrit

A

height of RBC / height of all blood

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9
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is plasma

A

fluid portion of blood

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10
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is plasma a part of

A

body’s ECF

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11
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD why is plasma part of body’s ECF

A

plasma is outside cells that are within blood vessel

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12
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what are components of ECF

A
  1. plasma

2. interstitial fluid

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13
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD where is interstitial fluid

A

outside blood vessel

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14
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is composition of plasma (4)

A
  1. water
  2. electrolytes
  3. substances being transported
  4. plasma proteins
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15
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what are 3 main groups of plasma proteins

A
  1. globulins
  2. albumen
  3. fibrinogen
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16
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function of plasma proteins (5)

A
  1. distributing body water
  2. buffering
  3. transporting
  4. defense
  5. hemostasis
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17
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what do plasma proteins contribute to

A

osmotic gradient

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18
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what happens if conc of plasma proteins inside blood vessel decreases

A

less water moves from tissues to blood vessel

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19
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what happens if conc of plasma proteins inside blood vessel increases

A

more water moves from tissue to blood vessel

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20
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what are plasma proteins

A

hormones

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21
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what do plasma proteins do w hormones they bind

A

carry them throughout blood

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22
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what are 3 major cell types in blood

A
  1. RBC
  2. WBC
  3. platelets
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23
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what are the different types of WBC

A
  1. neutrophil
  2. eosinophil
  3. basophil
  4. monocyte
  5. T lymphocyte
  6. B lymphocyte
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24
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD order of cells from most numerous to least numerous

A
  1. RBC
  2. platelets
  3. WBC
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25
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function of RBC

A

transport oxygen

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26
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is the shape of RBC

A

circular

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27
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function fo platelets

A

hemostasis

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28
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is the shape of platelets

A

circular

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29
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is size of platelet

A

smaller than RBC

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30
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD how are WBC grouped together

A
  1. polymorphonuclear granulocytes
  2. monocyte
  3. lymphocytes
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31
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what are polymorphonuclear granulocytes

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
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32
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD how many nuclei do poly granulocytes contain

A

1

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33
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what does 1 nucleus contain

A

multiple lobes

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34
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what does granulocyte mean

A

cyto contains granules

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35
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what are the largest type of WBC

A

monocytes

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36
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what are the lymphocytes

A

T and B

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37
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is overall role of WBC s

A

defense

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38
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function of neutrophils

A

phagocytosis

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39
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function of eosinophils

A

defence against parasites

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40
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function of basophils

A

inflammation

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41
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function of monocytes

A

phagocytosis

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42
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what are B cells involved in

A

humoral immunity

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43
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what are T cells involved in

A

cellular immunity

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44
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is hematopoiesis

A

process of producing blood cell types

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45
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD where does location of hematopoiesis depend on

A

age

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46
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD where does hematopoiesis occur post natal

A

bone marrow

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47
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD where does hematopoiesis occur pre natal

A
  1. yolk sac
  2. liver
  3. spleen
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48
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what does hematopoiesis begin with

A

multi potential stem cell

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49
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD where is multi potential stem cell located

A

inside bone marrow

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50
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what does multi potential stem cell undergo

A

division

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51
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what happens during division of multi potential stem cell

A
  1. one offspring remains as stem cell

2. one offspring goes on to get differentiated

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52
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what happens after being differentiated into diff cell types

A

cells can pass into blood

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53
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD where are B cells produced

A

in bone marrow

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54
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD where are T cells produced

A

in thymus

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55
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is end point of all cell types

A

blodd vessels

56
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD which cell types remain in blood vessels

A
  1. RBC

2. platelets

57
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD which cell type moves into tissues

A

WBC s

58
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what happens when monocyte monocyte moves into tissue

A

converted into macrophage

59
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what is the function of macrophages

A

phagocytosis

60
Q

INTRO TO BLOOD what are lymphocytes able to do

A

go bw blood and tissue

61
Q

RBC what is shape of RBC

A

biconcave

62
Q

RBC what does RBC lose before it enters blood vessel

A

organelles

63
Q

RBC what is result of losing organelles

A
  1. short life span

2. more room for Hb

64
Q

RBC how does RBC transport oxygen

A

oxygen binds to Hb

65
Q

RBC what does biconcave shape allow

A

flexibility

66
Q

RBC why do RBCs need to be flexible

A

to move through small vessels

67
Q

RBC what are 2 main parts of Hb

A
  1. heme

2. globin

68
Q

RBC what is heme

A

non proteins

69
Q

RBC what is globin

A

protein

70
Q

RBC what is globin made of

A

4 globin peptide chains

71
Q

RBC how many heme units

A

4

72
Q

RBC what is each heme unit connected to

A

1 of 4 globin chains

73
Q

RBC what is structure of heme unit

A

ring shaped

74
Q

RBC what is in center of each heme unit

A

Fe ++

75
Q

RBC where does O2 bind to on Hb

A

Fe ++

76
Q

RBC what is process called when oxygen binds to ferrous ion

A

oxygenation

77
Q

RBC what happens to iron after oxygenation

A
  • does remain ferrous ion

- does not get oxidized to ferric form

78
Q

RBC what does oxidation involve

A

gain oxygen

79
Q

RBC what is each of the 4 heme units associated with

A

Fe ++

80
Q

RBC what is each Fe ++ ion able to do

A

bind one oxygen

81
Q

RBC what is max number of oxygen that can bind to one Hb molecule

A

4

82
Q

RBC how does Fe get into bone marrow

A
  1. diet
  2. small intestine
  3. blood
  4. bone marrow
83
Q

RBC what is bone marrow site of

A

precursor molecules incorporate Fe into Hb

84
Q

RBC where do precursor RBCs do final maturation

A

in blood

85
Q

RBC what happens to RBCs at end of life span

A

break down in spleeen

86
Q

RBC what is erythropoietin (EPO)

A

hormone released by kidneys that stimulates production of RBC

87
Q

RBC what stimulates production of erythropoietin (EPO)

A

hypoxia / lack of oxxygen

88
Q

RBC what does increasing production of RBC result in

A

increased oxygen levels

89
Q

RBC where does EPO go when it is released by kidneys

A

bone marrow

90
Q

RBC what happens when RBC s break down

A
  1. Hb released from RBC
  2. Hb broken down into heme + globin
  3. globin broken down into aa
  4. heme broken down into Fe and biliverdin
91
Q

RBC what happens to the Fe released from heme during breakdown of RBC

A
  1. goes to liver via blood where it can be stored for later use
  2. does to bone marrow via blood where it can be used to make new Hb
92
Q

RBC what is anemia

A

decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood

93
Q

RBC what causes anemia

A
  1. deficient in RBC

2. deficient in Hb. (in RBC)

94
Q

RBC what are causes of anemia

A
  1. bone marrow does not produce enough RBC
  2. increased destruction of RBC
  3. increased loss of RBC
  4. abnormal Hb production
95
Q

RBC what is most common cause of anemia

A

lack of iron

96
Q

RBC what does Hb A contain

A
  • 2 alpha globin chains

- 2 beta globin chains

97
Q

RBC what happens in sickle cell anemia

A
  • alpha chains stay same

- beta chains change

98
Q

RBC what is result of sickle cell anemia

A
  • RBC becomes sickle shaped

- RBC become inflexible

99
Q

RBC what is vit B 12 necessary for

A

production of normal numbers of normally functioning RBC s

100
Q

RBC what happens at higher altitudes when there is less O2 available

A
  1. increased EPO

2. increased RBC production

101
Q

PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS what is the function of pro hemostatic or pro coagulant factors

A

prevent blood loss

102
Q

PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS what is the function of anti hemostatic or anti coagulant factors

A

does not prevent blood loss

103
Q

PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS what is major way blood loss prevented

A

coagulation

104
Q

PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS when is blood kept fluid in body

A

most of time

105
Q

PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS what happens when blood vessel damages and blood spurting out

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. primary hemostasis ==> platelet plug
  3. secondary hemostasis ==> blood coagulation
106
Q

PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS why is vasoconstriction not enough by itself to prevent blood loss

A

high pressure blood able to over come vasoconstriction

107
Q

PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS why is platelet plug nor enough to prevent blood loss

A

high pressure able to push away platelet plug

108
Q

PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS where do platelets come from

A

hematopoietic stem cell ==> mega karyocyte

109
Q

PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS what do mega karyocytes contain

A

1 nucleus w multiple lobes

110
Q

PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS how do platelets form from mega karyocytes

A

thrombopoietin causes cyto of megakaryocytes to break into fragments

111
Q

PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS what organelle is platelet lacking

A

nucleus

112
Q

PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS why are platelets lacking nucleus

A

come from cyto of mega karyocytes

113
Q

PLATELETS AND HOMEOSTASIS what are 2 main granules in platelets

A
  1. alpha granules

2. beta granules

114
Q

PLATELET PLUG what are 3 A’s

A
  1. adhesion
  2. activation
  3. aggregation
115
Q

PLATELET PLUG what happens in adhesion

A

platelets stick to damaged vessel wall

116
Q

PLATELET PLUG what happens in activation

A
  1. platelets change from disc to round shape
  2. platelets express various receptors
  3. platelets secrete various substances
117
Q

PLATELET PLUG what happens in aggregation

A

platelet stick to each other

118
Q

PLATELET PLUG what forms lining of lumen

A

endothelial cells

119
Q

PLATELET PLUG what surrounds endothelial cells

A

sub-endothelium

120
Q

PLATELET PLUG what is located in sub endothelium

A

collagen

121
Q

PLATELET PLUG what happens during vasoconstriction

A
  1. smooth muscle contracts

2. lumen becomes narrow

122
Q

PLATELET PLUG what initiates formation of platelet plug

A

exposure of collagen to blood

123
Q

PLATELET PLUG how do platelets stick to collagen

A

intermediary molecules

124
Q

PLATELET PLUG what are intermediary molecules

A

VWF molecules

125
Q

PLATELET PLUG what produces VWF molecules

A
  1. platelets

2. endothelial cells

126
Q

PLATELET PLUG what happens when VWF binds to receptors on platelets

A
  1. platelets become activated

2. platelets expose receptors

127
Q

PLATELET PLUG what does exposure of receptors on platelets allow

A

binding of fibrinogen plasma protein to surface of platelet

128
Q

PLATELET PLUG what does fibrinogen plasma protein allow

A

aggregation of platelets

129
Q

PLATELET PLUG what are steps in platelet plug formation

A
  1. collagen exposed to blood
  2. platelets stick to collagen through VWF molecules
  3. platelets become activated
  4. platelets expose receptor sites for fibrinogen
  5. fibrinogen binds to surface of platelets
  6. platelets aggregate
130
Q

PLATELET PLUG what are activated platelets able to release

A
  1. 5HT / serotonin
  2. TXA2
  3. ADP
  4. PL
131
Q

PLATELET PLUG what is the function of 5HT and TXA2

A

vasoconstriction

132
Q

PLATELET PLUG what are 2 causes of vasoconstriction

A
  1. reflex response

2. substances released by platelets

133
Q

PLATELET PLUG what is the function of TXA2, ADP and PL

A

further platelet aggregation

134
Q

PLATELET PLUG what is the function of phospholipids expressed on activated platelet

A

production of thrombin

135
Q

PLATELET PLUG what is the function of thrombin

A

further platelet aggregation

PHYSL 212 (22 decks)

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