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Exam 1 Respiration And Immunology Y2 > Immunology 2 W2 > Flashcards

Immunology 2 W2 Flashcards

1
Q

immune response of 1st contact of innante immunity

A

good (+)

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2
Q

immune response of 2nd contact of innante immunity

A

the same
good (+)

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3
Q

immune response of 1st contact of adaptiveimmunity

A

good (+)

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4
Q

immune response of 2nd contact of adaptive immunity

A

greater (+++)

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5
Q

what is a neutrophil granulocyte

A

moat common lwukocyte in bloood, enriched in acute inflamed tissue

short life span of 5 days

multiplw segmented nucleus

lots of granula

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6
Q

what are macrophages

A

long life span of years

type of white blood cell that are part of the innate immune response and are responsible for detecting, engulfing, and destroying pathogens, dead cells, and cellular debris through a process called phagocytosis

in tissues and organs

used to fight against bacteria, viruses andn protozoa

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7
Q

TH1 and TH2 differntiation

A

An antigen presenting cell identifies and presents toxins or an infection to a TH0

The TH0 decides what to do with it

If there is IL-2, IFN-Y and TNF-a cytokines present then it will become TH1

If there is IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 cytokines then it will become TH2

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8
Q

TH1 cytokine: Interferon-y

A

-A cytokine
-Provides protection against diseases by acting directly on target cells or through activation of the host immune system
-Can educate immune cells to recognise and destroy pathogens
-Has an anti-viral function
-Elimination of intracellular bacterial
-Drives full macrophage activation

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9
Q

TH1 cytokine : TNF

A

Tumour necrosis factor
Helps elimination of interest cellular bacteria
Helps maturation and migration of dendritic cells
Created by inflammatory cells

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10
Q

TH2 cytokine : IL-4

A

Is a marker cytokine
For the activation and growth of B cells
Essential for IgE and TH2 development

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11
Q

TH2 cytokine : IL-5

A

Help B cell differentiation and IgA synthesis

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12
Q

TH2 cytokine : IL-10

A

Is a regulatory cytokine
Is an inhibitor of macrophage function?

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13
Q

Mechanisms of T cell mediated cytotoxicity

A

If a cytotoxic cell binds with an infected T cell through the FAS receptors then it will undergo clean apoptosis when the FAS is activated

If a cytotoxic cell binds with an infected T cell and perforin granzyme is released I have the enzymes make holes and the cell bursts which is messy.

FAS = kill itself - cleanee
Granzyme = bursts - messy

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14
Q

Five classes of antibody

A

IgM
IgA - saliva,breast milke
IgD - always stuck to B cells
IgG - most in blood
IgE - allergic reactions

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15
Q

Antibody structure

A

A Y shape
Has a light chain and a heavy chain X2
An anti-binding site which interacts with the antigen
Has an FC region which is only heavy
Has a tail
The top end of the Y is the variable region
And the bottom end of the Y is the conserved region
It has disulphide bonds between the light and heavy chains as well as between heavy and heavy

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16
Q

What is the variable region made of?

A

V gene segment

Diversity gene segment (D)

Joining gene segment (J)

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17
Q

How many segments does each chain have?

A

Times together the V, D and J gene segments

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18
Q

Where did immunoglobin get most of their diversity?

A

Heavy chain and light chain get most of their diversity from the number of V gene segments

Heavy chain gets some diversity from D gene segments

Heavy chain and light chain get a mild amount of diversity from J

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19
Q

Where do T cell receptors get most of their diversity?

A

A and B chains get most of their diversity from the V gene segments and J gene segments

D. Gene segments do not contribute

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20
Q

VDJ recombination

A

Variable-diversity-joining rearrangement

Is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation?

Results in the highly diverse repertoire of antibodies/immunoglobulins and T cell receptors found in B cells and T cells

The process is a defining feature of the adaptive immune system

V(45) D(23) J(6)
-123456789- -123456789- -123456789-

The D-J join

-12346789- -12345656-

The V-DJ join

  • 123656-

Transcription

-123656-

RNA processing

-365-

This contains one of each gene segment (VDJ) to make the variable region of an antibody

21
Q

Antibodies changing structures (3)

A

Affinity maturation - somatic mutations in the variable region (top of the Y)
- Increases affinity of antigen recognition
- No change on effector functions

Switch from membrane to secreted form - Cleve off membrane and released into the blood
- No change in antigen recognition
- Change from Bcell receptor function to effector function

Isotope switching - change isotope
- No change in antigen recognition
- Each isotope serves a different set of effector functions

22
Q

What actually are immunoglobins

A

proteins produced by B cells in response to the presence of antigens.

identifying, binding to, and neutralizing pathogens or harmful molecules.

Immunoglobulins have a Y-shaped structure consisting of: Two heavy chains and two light chains held together by disulfide bonds.

Variable regions are specific to a particular antigen. This is where antigen binding occurs.

Constant regions determine the class or type of immunoglobulin.

There are five types and each target a specific antigen type

D,E and G all use a single Y chain

A Uses a double Y chain called a dimer

M is a combination of five Y chains called a pentamer

23
Q

IgA

A

Two types

Not typically in the blood, but in saliva and milk

Innate

Fight Pathogens

24
Q

IgD

A

Found as a membrane immunoglobulin on the surface of mature B cells

Least well-known

Role in activation of mast cells to attack invading microbes

25
Q

IgE

A

Respond to allergens and worms

Allergic reaction

26
Q

IgG

A

Four types

70% of entire IG pool in the body

Target pathogens

Bind to antigens on one end and the other two phagocytic cells which absorb and destroy it

Smallest so can migrate into fissures

Almost almost all man-made monoclonal antibodies is in the IgG family

It is the only one that can diffuse through the placenta

27
Q

IgM

A

Early responders

Aim to eliminate pathogen before there are sufficient levels of IgG

Largest

28
Q

B. Cell development

A

Stem cell -> pro-B -> pre-B -> immature B -> mature B
(Heavychain made) (lightchain join, make antibody) (2ndantibody, oneforeach chain )

Can leave marrow when mature

29
Q

Allergic reaction first exposure

A

Mast cells have IgE receptors

IgE antibodies bind to the receptors

This takes time

30
Q

Allergic reaction, repeat exposure

A

This is faster

The allergen binds to the IgE

This activates mast cells

They degranulate and histamine is released

Act on surrounding tissues and dilates blood vessels to slow the blood flow

Immune cells are attracted into tissue

Makes blood vessels leaky

Allows antibodies to enter tissues

Infection is removed

Once removed mast cells produce anti-inflammatory mediators which stop further immune cells entering the tissues and this promotes the rebuild of tissues

Mast cells then regulate for the future

31
Q

Mast cell versus basophil

A

Mast:
- Have a round nucleus
- Have CD34 surface marker
- Secreted from bone marrow when immature
- Granule composition is versed with serine proteases, histamines, lysosomal enzymes and cytokines
- Can eliminate bacteria and parasites and can interact with dendritic cells and B/T cells

Basophil:
- Do you not have round nucleus
- Have CD34 surface markers
- type of white blood cell released into the blood in response to an allergen
- Already mature when released
-

32
Q

Mast cells have different effects depending on their location : gastrointestinal tract

A
  • Increased fluid secretion
  • Increased peristalsis
  • Leading to the expulsion of gastrointestinal tract contents (diarrhoea, and vomiting)
33
Q

Mast cells have different effects depending on their location : gastrointestinal tract

A
  • Increase fluid secretion
  • Increased peristalsis
  • Leading to the expulsion of gastrointestinal tract contents (diarrhoea, and vomiting)
34
Q

Mast cells have different effects depending on their location : airways

A
  • decreased diameter
  • Increased mucus secretion
  • Leading to congestion and blockage of airways (wheezing, coughing, phlegm), swelling and mucus secretion in nasal passages
35
Q

Mast cells have different effects depending on their location : blood vessels

A
  • Increased blood flow
  • Increased permeability
  • Leading to an increased fluid in tissues, causing increased flow of lymph to lymph nodes, increased cells and proteins in tissues and increased effector response in tissues
36
Q

More information on mast cells

A

-Reside under connective tissue
- Found in connective tissues and respiratory epithelium
- Don’t circulate in the bloodstream
- Born from bone marrow
- They are immature when in the blood
- move into tissues and become mature
- Contain granules

37
Q

Anaphylactic shock

A
  • Blood pressure becomes solo that there isn’t adequate blood supply to the organs
  • Swelling to upper airway further reduced oxygen
  • Body tries to compensate for the low blood pressure by increasing heart rate
  • Isn’t enough to compensate for the loss of oxygen to the brain and the heart
  • Become unconscious and going into cardiac arrest
  • EpiPen can easily reverse the symptoms
  • Adrenaline relaxes the airways and constricts blood vessels and increases heart rate which can all increase blood pressure for oxygen supply
  • Antihistamines and corticosteroids may be given to further reduced symptoms after life-saving measures
38
Q

Mast cell activation disorders

A

Some cells have DNA mutations causing them to be more reactive known or unknown triggers

This can be inherited or acquired

39
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity

A
  • also called delayed type hypersensitivity
  • An example is contact dermatitis and drug related allergies
  • Has a delayed reaction of 24 to 48 hours after exposure
  • TCell mediated not antibody
  • APC take up antigen and present it to T cell
  • Requires primed antigens specific T cell CD4+ or CD8+
  • need T cells that react towards an allergen
40
Q

Example of an allergen - touching poison ivy

A
  1. You touch poison ivy - causes localised inflammatory response and releases toxins
  2. Cells in the epithelial layer take up the toxins, react and produce cytokines and chemotkines
  3. Attract cells from the plasma: basophil, monocytes and memory T cells and they migrate into the tissue
  4. Antigen is being presented to the memory cell after migration.
  5. Memory cells become activated.
  6. Activated mast cells
  7. Histamine released.
41
Q

Example of an allergen - touching poison ivy

A
  1. You touch poison ivy - causes localised inflammatory response and releases toxins
  2. Cells in the epithelial layer take up the toxins, react and produce cytokines and chemotkines
42
Q

Site of receptor and its effect : receptor H1

A

Smooth muscles

Bronco construction and contraction of the GIT

43
Q

Site of receptor and its effect : receptor H1

A

Can also be endothelium

Vasodilation and increased capillary permeability leading to Adema

44
Q

Site of receptor and its effect : receptor H1

A

Can also be sensory endings

Pain and itch

45
Q

Site of receptor and its effect : receptor H2

A

Smooth muscles of blood vessels only enlarged doses

Vasodilation

46
Q

Site of receptor and its effect : receptor H4

A

Immune active cells as eosinophils

Chemotaxis

47
Q

What should antihistamines actually be called?

A

They are blocking the receptors from interacting with histamine so they should be called histamine receptor antagonist

48
Q

Reduction of the effect of release histamine

A
  1. Physiologic antagonist.
    - epinephrine has smooth muscle actions opposite to histamine but by acting on different types of receptors it is used in conditions of massive releases of histamine
  2. Histamine release inhibitors.
    - Reduce immunologic release of histamine from mast cells
  3. Histamine receptor antagonist/antihistamines.
49
Q

Generations of histamine H1 antagonist

A

1st
- Sedating because it’s lipophilic and can cross the blood brain barrier
- affect the CNS

2nd
- As poorly penetrates the blood brain barrier
- Does not affect the CNS

Exam 1 Respiration And Immunology Y2 (62 decks)

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