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Exam 1 Respiration And Immunology Y2 > Bacteriology W7 > Flashcards

Bacteriology W7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of fungi

A

Mycology

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2
Q

What are fungi

A

Heterotrophs - cant make own food

Principle decomposers in every ecosystem

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3
Q

Fungi structure

A

• fungi are composed of filaments called hyphae (singular: hypha).
• fungi have cell walls (like plants) but the cell walls are composed of chitin • fungi do not have flagella at any phase of their life cycle

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4
Q

Other fungi characteristics

A

• store ‘food’ in the form of glycogen (as do animals)
• generally the cells are haploid (1 set of chromosomes)
• produce secondary metabolites
• grow as hyphae or yeasts, the hyphae exhibit apical growth
• produce spores by means of sexual and asexual reproduction

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5
Q

Cell membrane contains …

A

Ergosterol (animal have cholesterol and plants have sitosterol)

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6
Q

Human infections

A

Due t similarity of human and fungal cells, fungal infections are difficult to treat

Athletes foot, ringworm and thrush

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7
Q

Plant infections

A

Fungi cause major crop diseases

The great bengal famine 1943

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8
Q

Chemical production

A

the diverse nature of fungal metabolic pathways generates many commercial products:
• ethanol
• organic acids (citric acid)
• enzymes (amylase, pectinase, protease)
• antibiotics (penicillin G)

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9
Q

Protozoa

A

No cell wall

Heterotrophic

Motile

Specialised vacuole function for food digestion a nd water elimination

Asexual reproduction - mitosis - but can be sexual during some parts of their life cycle

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10
Q

Bacteria

A

• cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan
• bacteria can have an outer membrane consisting of lippolysaccharides and proteins
• cytoplasm consists of cytosol
• ribosomes are granular inclusions that coordinate synthesis of proteins
• thylakoids are flattened discs with light-sensitive pigment molecules

DNA in nucleiods with no surrounding membrane

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11
Q

Prokaryote vs eukaryote : size

A

Prokaryote : 0.5-2 um
eukaryote : 2-200 um

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12
Q

Prokaryote vs eukaryote : nucleus membrane

A

Prokaryote : no
eukaryote : yes

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13
Q

Prokaryote vs eukaryote : chromosomes

A

Prokaryote : 1, circular
eukaryote : >1

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14
Q

Prokaryote vs eukaryote : division

A

Prokaryote : binary fisison
eukaryote : mitotic division

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15
Q

Prokaryote vs eukaryote : mitochondria

A

Prokaryote : no
eukaryote : yes

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16
Q

Prokaryote vs eukaryote : chloroplasts

A

Prokaryote : no
eukaryote : yes

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17
Q

Prokaryote vs eukaryote : internal membranes

A

Prokaryote : relatively simple
eukaryote : complex (ER, golgi)

18
Q

Prokaryote vs eukaryote : ribosomes

A

Prokaryote : 70S ribosomes
eukaryote : 80S ribosomes

19
Q

Aerobe

A

Need O2

20
Q

Anaerobe

A

Cannot tolerate O2

21
Q

Psychrophile

A

-5 to +15 degrees

22
Q

Mesophile

A

+10 to +45 degrees

23
Q

Thermophile

A

+30 to +85 degrees

24
Q

Acidophile

A

Grow under acidic conditions

25
Q

Neutrophile

A

Need pH around 7

26
Q

Alkaliphile

A

Need high pH

27
Q

Not halophile

A

Up to 2.5% salt

28
Q

Halotolerant

A

Up to 6.5% salt

29
Q

Halophile

A

Yo to 20-25% salt

30
Q

Bacterial conjugation

A

Have a f-(female) and f+(male) bacteria

Come together and there id a conjugation of cells and copy of th F factor transferred into the f- cell

F- then becomes f+ and both cells synthesise a complementary DNA strand

Both cells now f+ and seperate

31
Q

Transformation

A

occurs when a bacterium picks up fragments of DNA released by dead bacteria or secreted by live bacteria

32
Q

Transduction

A

is when bacteriophages (viruses) carry portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another

33
Q

Mutation

A

is a major source of variation in prokaryotes

34
Q

How can antibiotic resistance transfer between bacteria’s

A

By plasmid transfer

35
Q

Endospores

A

Not all bacteria produce

• endospores are a method of survival, not reproduction
• some bacteria form endospores when environmental conditions become unfavourable
• spores can endure for hundreds of years
• endospores are DNA and a portion of cytoplasm encased in a tough cell wall; they are resistant to extremes in temperature, drying, and harsh chemicals

36
Q

Gram negative

A

have a cell wall, low amount of peptidoglykan, are not sensitive against penicillin or lysozyme, are sensitive against mechanical pressure (E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

37
Q

Gram positive

A

have a cell wall, high amount of peptidoglykan, are sensitive against penicillin, lysozyme, are not sensitive against mechanical pressure (Bacillus anthracis, Streptococcus mutans)

38
Q

Gram - vs + structure

A

Gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer lipid membrane

Gram negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and have an outer lipid membrane.

39
Q

Endotoxins from gram negative bacteria

A

are the most common cause of toxic reactions resulting from contamination of pharmaceutical products with pyrogens

• their pyrogenic activity is much higher than that of most other pyrogenic substances

• these endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

40
Q

Physiological effects of pyrogens

A

• dependant upon route of administration
• effects are dose dependant
• effects are dependant on the general state of health of the patient
• low doses induce an asymptomatic inflammatory response
• moderate doses induce fever and changes in plasma composition
• high doses result in shock, multiple organ failure and death

41
Q

BP test for pyrogens

A

• product is administered initially to 3 rabbits at a dose of no greater than 10ml/kg
• rabbits are housed in carefully controlled conditions and their temperature is monitored before the test product is given
• temperatures are taken (rectally) at 30 minute intervals for 3 hours post administration

42
Q

BP Test for Bacterial Endotoxins

A

• LAL Test – Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Test based on the endotoxin induced coagulation of the blood of the Horseshoe crab Limulus Polyphemus
• test is based on observation that horseshoe crab blood forms clots when exposed to endotoxins
• Amoebocyte extract from horseshoe crab blood is mixed with a sample suspected of endotoxin contamination, and a reaction is observed if endotoxins are present
• about 1000 x more sensitive than the Test for Pyrogens

Exam 1 Respiration And Immunology Y2 (62 decks)

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