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A&P Quarter 2.2 > Immune system II > Flashcards

Immune system II Flashcards

1
Q

Innate immunity is called _______ and adaptive immunity is called ______.

A

Nonspecific

Specific

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2
Q

What are general protective measures, Always working, functioning without prior exposure to harmful elements?

A

Nonspecific immunity

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3
Q

What are some systems/processes that contribute to nonspecific immunity?

A 
Skin
Mucus
Gastric acid and digestive enzymes
Chemical compounds in blood/fluids
Inflammation response
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4
Q

How does skin contribute to nonspecific immunity? Example?

A

Is dry and skin cells flake off
Resists incursion by preventing attachment
Has antimicrobial chemicals, eg lactic acid in sweat

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5
Q

How does mucus contribute to nonspecific immunity?

A

Respiratory passages trap bacteria, viruses, and other foreign material

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6
Q

Where does low pH allow for nonspecific immunity?

A

Stomach- with gastric acid and digestive enzymes

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7
Q

What is an example of a chemical in bodily fluids that contributes to general immunity

A

eg, lysozyme- found in tears, saliva, nasal secretions, and perspiration

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8
Q

What is inflammation? (definition with leukocytes)

A

A local defense response where leukocytes are mobilized to engulf and destroy microbes

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9
Q

What is the process of inflammation at a cellular level?

A

After microbes invade tissue leads to a localized release of histamine, so vasodilate locally, increasing capillary permeability
↑Blood flow (due to histamine)
Neutrophils and macrophages are attracted to the site by chemotaxis
These cells engulf and destroy microbes
Then remove debris and initiate repair of area

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10
Q

What are four signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain

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11
Q

Which three cells are involved in immuno phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
“Fixed macrophages”

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12
Q

How do neutrophils and monocytes respond and phagocytize?

A

Neutrophils are 1st

Monocytes are 2nd, in greater numbers, and turn into macrophages

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13
Q

What are “fixed macrophages”? Examples?

A

Organ-specific macrophages (stay in organ)

eg Kupffer cell in liver, dust cells in lung

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14
Q

What is a NK cell? In one word, what do they do?

A

Natural Killer cells (surveillance)

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15
Q

Which cells continually patrol the body on the lookout for pathogens, diseased, or damaged host cells?

A

NK cells

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16
Q

What cells do NK cells target?

A

Attack and kill bacteria, cells infected with viruses, cancer cells

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17
Q

What is the mechanism NK cells use to kill?

A

Bind to cells and release perforins, that create a hole in cell membranes

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18
Q

What is a perforin?

A

Compound released by NK cells that punch a hole in the membrane of a target cell

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19
Q

What is the complement system?

A

A group of 30+ globulins made in the liver

They “complete” the action of antibodies

20
Q

When does specific immunity develop?

A

Develops after 1st exposure by a foreign substance/toxin

21
Q

What is the specificity of specific immunity?

A

Immunity directed against a particular pathogen eg chicken pox

22
Q

What is the memory of specific immunity?

A

When re-exposed to the same pathogen, the body will react so quickly that there is no noticeable illness

23
Q

What is needed for the “memory” of specific immunity to work?

A

Antigens- Each cell, organ, toxin has specific antigens on its surface

24
Q

What are the two types of specific immunity?

How are they mediated?

A 
Cellular immunity (cell-mediated)
Humoral immunity (antibody-mediated)
25
Q

In cellular immunity, what the breakdown of cells by type?

A

80% of lymphocytes are T cells, 5% are NK cells, 15% B cells

26
Q

What are the different types of T cells?

A

Tc- cytotoxic T cells
Th- helper T cells
Tr- regulatory T cells
Tm- memory T cells

27
Q

What does a cytotoxic T cell do?

A

The only T cells that directly attack and kill other cells

Does cell-to-cell battle

28
Q

How does a cytotoxic T cell kill other cells?

A

Lethal hit- Delivers a lethal hit of chemicals, then looks for more to kill

29
Q

What does a helper T cell do?

A

Promote the action of T cells

30
Q

How does a helper T cell promote the actions of cytotoxic T cells?

A

TH cells recruit more and more TC cells providing an expanded protection
Reads the presented antigen from the APCs (macrophages) and this stimulates the T and B cells to go through mitosis and maturation

31
Q

What do regulatory T cells do?

A

Limit the immune response by inhibiting the multiplication of T cells
Make sure T’s don’t go berserk and kill
Not well understood

32
Q

How many types of memory T cells are there?

A

2 types: Memory T cell (AND memory B cell, before it becomes a plasma cell)

33
Q

What are memory T cells defended from?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

34
Q

What do memory T cells do?

A

Responsible for memory in cellular immunity

If you had chicken pox, are now immune due to TM

35
Q

What cells is used in humoral immunity?

A

B cells

36
Q

Humoral immunity is _____-mediated and _____-borne.

A

Antibody-mediated

Blood-borne

37
Q

How are antibodies produced?

A

B cell changes to a plasma cell, which produces antibodies

38
Q

Where do B cells become immunocompetent?

A

B cells mature in bone marrow

39
Q

What is the fork analogy for antibodies?

A

“Handle” of Y will be the same, “tines” are specific for antigens

40
Q

What are the three mechanisms of humoral immunity?

A

Agglutination
Precipitation
Neutralization

41
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Causes clumping together of “enemy” cells and pathogens

42
Q

How does agglutination work against enemy cells?

A

Immobilizes pathogens so they cannot spread

They then form antigen-antibody complexes (eaten by eosinophil)

43
Q

What is precipitation?

A

Antibodies link antigen molecules together

44
Q

How does precipitation work against enemy cells?

A

Creates complexes too large to remain in solution (precipitate out)
Are then phagocytized by eosinophil in CT (due to precipitation out)

45
Q

What is neutralization and how does it work against enemy cells?

A

Only certain regions of an antigen are pathogenic

Antibodies can neutralize an antigen by covering/masking those active sites

A&P Quarter 2.2 (22 decks)

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