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A&P Quarter 2.2 > Cardiac Hormones, Diseases > Flashcards

Cardiac Hormones, Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Where does Epi/NE come from/do?

A

Adrenal Medulla
Opens Ca++ channels, ↑contractability
↑ HR

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2
Q

Where does ADH come from/go/do

A

Post. Pituitary
Kidneys, retain H20
↑ BP

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3
Q

Where does aldosterone come from/go/do?

A

Zona Glomerulosa, Adrenal Cortex
↑ Na+ retention
↑ BP

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4
Q

What is the first precursor for angiotensin II? Where is it produced?

A

Angiotensinogen in blood is produced by the liver

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5
Q

What and how does Angiotensinogen change to?

A

Changed to angiotensin I by renin

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6
Q

How is angiotensin II created from angiotensin I?

A

Changed to angiotensin II in lung tissue by ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

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7
Q

What are the 4 effects of angiotensin II?

A

Causes widespread arteriolar vasoconstriction
Activate thirst centers in hypothalamus
Stimulate aldosterone release
Stimulate ADH release

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8
Q

What two extracellular ions impact cardiac function?

A

The relative combinations of K+ and Ca2+ have a large impact on cardiac function

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9
Q

What is the term for something than changes HR?

A

Chronotropic

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10
Q

What does a positive chronotropic agent do?

A

Increase HR

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11
Q

What are 5 positive chronotropic agents?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System
Nicotine
Caffeine
Epi/NE (nb. stimulate SNS)

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12
Q

What does a negative chronotropic agent do?

A

Lower HR

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13
Q

What are two negative chronotropic agents?

A

PNS- Parasympathetic nervous system

Hyperkalemia

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14
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

High potassium- K+ diffuses in,making the membrane potential less negative, this interferes with myocyte repolarization, myocardium becomes less excitable, HR slows and becomes irregular

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15
Q

What is the term for something that changes contractibility?

A

Inotropic

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16
Q

What do positive and negative inotropic agents do?

A

Increase contractibility

Decrease contractibility

17
Q

What are 5 positive inotropic agents?

A 
SNS
EPI/NE
Caffeine
Digitalis- Foxglove plant
Hypercalcemia
18
Q

What are some effects of hypercalcemia?

A

Ca++ is good, but don’t want too much Ca++, it diffuses into myocytes and contractions are too strong/protracted → cardiac arrest in systole

19
Q

What are three negative inotropic agents?

A

PNS
Myocardial hypoxia
Hypocalcemia

20
Q

What are some effects of hypocalcemia?

A

Myocytes lose Ca++ to ECF → weak, irregular HB

21
Q

What is tachycardia?

What is bradycardia?

A

Persistent resting HR above 100 BPM

Persistent resting HR below 60 BPM

22
Q

What is circulatory shock?

A

When there is inadequate blood flow, or when cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body’s metabolic needs

23
Q

What are two kinds of circulatory shock?

A

Hypovolemic shock

Anaphylactic shock

24
Q

What is hypovolemic shock, and what can cause it?

A

Loss of blood volume

Due to: hemorrhage, trauma, dehydration, burns,bleeding ulcers

25
Q

What are the sx of hypovolemic shock, and what can it lead to?

A

Sx: Tachycardia; vasoconstriction in skin, GI, kidney, and muscles
Leads to ↓BP and ↓cardiac output

26
Q

What is the end result of hypovolemic shock?

A

↓BP; tachycardia; cold, clammy skin; little untine → body diverts blood to brain/heart at the expense of other systems

27
Q

What is anaphylactic shock and what causes it?

A

Loss of blood volume

Due to: Immediate and severe allergic rxn to antigen eg bee sting, penicillin

28
Q

At a cellular level, what happens in anaphylaxis? What is the end result?

A

Will have: Widespread release of histamine (basophils/mast cells)
End result: Widespread vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, circulatory shock, death

29
Q

What is CHF?

A

When cardiac output is insufficient to maintain the required blood flow of the body.

30
Q

What causes CHF?

A

Caused by MI, Valve defects, chronic hypertension (↑BP)

31
Q

What is a tx for CHF?

A

Digitalis, a cardiac stimulant from fox glove plant

32
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease- Any disorder in which there is a long-term obstruction of airflow and a substantial reduction in pulmonary ventilation,

33
Q

What condition can come from COPD?

A

cor pulmonale

34
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

hypertrophy and potential right heart failure due to obstructed pulmonary circuit

A&P Quarter 2.2 (22 decks)

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