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A&P Quarter 2.2 > Agranular Leukocytes, Blood Typing > Flashcards

Agranular Leukocytes, Blood Typing Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphocytes are ___% of leukocytes.

A

30%

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2
Q

Describe the nucleus of a lymphocyte.

A

Spherical, slightly dented

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3
Q

Describe the size of lymphocytes

A

2 sizes: Small 5-8 μm and large 14-17 μm

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4
Q

In lymphocytes, a small rim of ______ is visible.

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

A

T-Cells

B-Cells

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6
Q

Can T-Cells and B-Cells be visually differentiated?

A

No (Not at our level, anyways)

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7
Q

Lymphocytes originate in ___________ and are non-_________ in their action

A

Bone marrow

Non-phagocytic

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8
Q

How do T-Cell act?

A

Acts directly against infected cell

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9
Q

What are the two kinds of immunity?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

Humoral immunity

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10
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

cell-to-cell defense

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11
Q

Which leukocyte confers cell-mediated immunity?

A

T-Cells

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12
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Blood-borne immunity

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13
Q

Which leukocyte confers humoral immunity?

A

B-Cells

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14
Q

What do B-Cells turn into?

A

Plasma cells

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15
Q

What do plasma cells produce?

A

Antibodies

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16
Q

Monocytes are __% of leukocytes

A

2%

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17
Q

Describe the nucleus of a monocyte

A

Large, or kidney shaped

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18
Q

How much cytoplasm is visible in monocytes?

A

Lots. More than a leukocyte

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19
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

Differentiate into macrophages (Big eater of things)

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20
Q

How and where are monocytes transported?

A

Blood carries monocytes to tissue where they migrate out and become macrophages

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21
Q

What is the mechanism of monocytes?

A

Phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, and debris

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22
Q

What is an APC?

A

Antigen presenting cell

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23
Q

How are monocytes APCs?

A

Present fragments of antigens on their surface to alert the immune system

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24
Q

What is the first leukocyte to arrive at the site of damage? What follows, and in what number?

A

Take longer to arrive at damage site (after neutrophils), but monocytes come in greater numbers

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25
Q

What is a chemical drawing cells to inflamed tissue?

A

Chemotaxis

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26
Q

What is it when cells slip between endothelial cells to enter/exit the bloodstream?

A

Diapedesis

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27
Q

What is a differential blood count?

A

Identifies what % of total WBC consists of each type of leukocyte= WBC differential

28
Q

What is a complete blood count?

A

(CBC)- measures numbers of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

29
Q

What is a normal WBC count?

A

Normal WBC count is 4,500-10,000 WBC/microliter

30
Q

What is leukopenia?

A

↓ 4,500 WBCs, eg radiation treatment

31
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

↑ 10,000 WBCs, eg possible infection

32
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments of cytoplasm with cell membrane

33
Q

What cell creates platelets?

A

Created by megakaryocyte

34
Q

What do platelets secrete? (3 things)

A 
Secrete clotting factors- promotes clotting
Secretes serotonin (a vasoconstrictor)
Secrete growth factors that stimulate mitosis in fibroblasts and smooth muscle and thereby help to maintain and repair blood vessels
35
Q

Plasma is a _____ solution. (And the meaning)

A

Colloidal

A liquid containing suspended particles (plasma proteins) that no not settle out of the solution

36
Q

What are the three plasma proteins?

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogens

37
Q

Albumins are ___% of plasma proteins and promote ______.

A

60%

Osmotic pressure

38
Q

Albumins are produced by the _____ and transport ______.

A

Liver

Lipids

39
Q

Globulins are ___% of plasma proteins.

Name the three kinds.

A

35%

Alpha, Beta, Gamma

40
Q

Alpha and Beta globulins are produced by the _______ and transport these three things.

A

Liver

Lipids, fat-soluble vitamins, hormones

41
Q

What are gamma globulins also called?

A

Antibodies

42
Q

How are antibodies made?

A

By plasma cells, which in turn, come from B- Cells

43
Q

How many antibodies are made a second? How long do they live?

A

2,000

5-7 days

44
Q

What are the 5 major antibodies?

A 
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgD
IgE
45
Q

What is IgM?

A

Largest Antibody molecule

1st antibody released to blood by plasma cells

46
Q

What is IgG?

A

Principle Ig formed in response to most infectious agents

Constitute 80% of antibodies in plasma

47
Q

Which Ig crosses the placenta to confer passive immunity?

48
Q

What is IgA?

A

Found in mucus, tears, breast milk, and saliva- protects respiratory and GI
Prevents pathogens from adhering to the epithelium

49
Q

What is IgD?

A

Coats surface of B-Cells, acts as a B-Cell receptor

Thought to help activate B-Cells

50
Q

What is IgE?

A

Attached to mast cells/Basophils
Stimulate them to release histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation and allergy- eg stuffy nose, swelling eyes, sneezing, etc

51
Q

Fibrinogen is ___% of plasma solutes

52
Q

Fibrinogen is the soluble precursor to _____.

53
Q

What is fibrin?

A

A sticky, protein that forms the framework of a blood clot that’s always circulating in the blood.

54
Q

Where is fibrinogen produced?

55
Q

What is a RBC antigen?

A

RBCs are classified by the presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of a RBC

56
Q

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

A

Phenotype- What you see, eg Type A

Genotype- What you are genetically

57
Q

What is the genotype of phenotypically A blood?

58
Q

What is the genotype of phenotypically B blood?

59
Q

What is the genotype of phenotypically O blood?

60
Q

What is the genotype of phenotypically AB blood?

61
Q

Rh- lacks what on a RBC?

Rh+ has what on a RBC?

A

Rh- lacks the Rh factor on the RBC

Rh+ has RH factor on the RBC

62
Q

What is given to Rh- mothers after birth of Rh+ babies

63
Q

What is HDN stand for?

A

hemolytic disease of newborn

64
Q

What is HDN?

A

Happens when antibodies from mom attack fetus through placenta
Can happen to 2nd + child, not the first because mom’s antibodies don’t “know” yet

65
Q

How big is a monocyte?

A

12-24 μm (2-3x bigger than RBC)

A&P Quarter 2.2 (22 decks)

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