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Assessment > Imaging of the nervous system > Flashcards

Imaging of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Feature that is better appreciated on CT than MRI

A

Calcification

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2
Q

Injected material used in contrast CTs

A

Iodine containing contrast agents

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3
Q

Brain area where lesions are poorly visualised on CT

A

Posterior fossa

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4
Q

Units used to measure the magnetic field strength of MRI magnets

A

Tesla

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5
Q

Type of nuclei used in MRI due to the way their axes lie

A

H1

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6
Q

Environmental aspect that determines the rate at which H1 nuclei realign

A

Degree of water content

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7
Q

Tissue type where H1 nuclei realign quickly in MRI

A

Fat

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8
Q

Tissue type where H1 nuclei realign slowly in MRI

A

Water

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9
Q

Two pulse sequences used in MRI

A

T1 and T2

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10
Q

Pulse type in MRI in which the pulses are brief

A

T1

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11
Q

Environments which are overemphasised on T1 MRI images

A

Hydrophobic environments e.g. fat is white

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12
Q

Use of T1 images on MRI

A

Normal brain structure

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13
Q

Contrast agent possible on T1 MRI images

A

Gadolinium-DTPA

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14
Q

Environments which are overemphasised on T2 MRI images

A

Hydrophilic areas e.g. CSF is white

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15
Q

Use of T2 images on MRI

A

Show brain pathology

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16
Q

Use for protein density sequences on MRI

A

Show periventricular structures

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17
Q

Images seen on FLAIR MRI results

A

T1 images are inverted and added to T2 images to double the contrast seen

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18
Q

Uses for FLAIR images on MRI

A

Sclerosis of the hippocampus caused by temporal lobe epilepsy
Areas of abnormal metabolism in neurodegenerative disorders

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19
Q

Absolute contraindications for MRI

A

Pacemakers

Implants of ferromagnetic materials

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20
Q

Colour of infarct on CT

A

Dark

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21
Q

Colour of infarct on T1 MRI

A

Dark

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22
Q

Colour of infarct on T2 MRI

A

Bright

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23
Q

Colour of bleed on CT

A

Bright

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24
Q

Colour of bleed on MRI (T1 and T2)

A

Bright unless too old or too new

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25
Q

Colour of tumour on CT

A

Dark

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26
Q

Colour of tumour on T1 MRI

A

Dark

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27
Q

Colour of tumour on T2 MRI

A

Bright

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28
Q

Colour of MS plaque on CT

A

Dark

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29
Q

Colour of MS plaque on T1 MRI

A

Dark

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30
Q

Colour of MS plaque on T2 MRI

A

Bright

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31
Q

Colour of CSF on CT

A

Dark

32
Q

Colour of CSF on T1 MRI

A

Dark

33
Q

Colour of CSF on T2 MRI

A

Bright

34
Q

Colour of bone on CT

A

Bright

35
Q

Colour of bone on T1 MRI

A

Bright

36
Q

Colour of bone on T2 MRI

A

Dark

37
Q

Colour of air on CTD

A

Dark

38
Q

Colour of air on T1 MRI

A

Dark

39
Q

Colour of air on T2 MRI

A

Dark

40
Q

Colour of fat on CT

A

Dark

41
Q

Colour of fat on T1 MRI

A

Bright

42
Q

Colour of fat on T2 MRI

A

Bright

43
Q

Colour of white matter on T1 MRI

A

White

44
Q

Colour of grey matter on T1 MRI

A

Grey

45
Q

Colour of white matter on T2 MRI

A

Shades of grey

46
Q

Colour of grey matter on T2 MRI

A

Shades of grey

47
Q

Imaging technique which allows the presence of various metabolites to be seen

A

MR spectroscopy

48
Q

Most common pattern seen in MR spectroscopy seen in brain tumours

A

Decrease in NAA

Increase in Choline

49
Q

Molecule used in MR spectroscopy to quantify NAA and choline

A

H1

50
Q

Clinical uses for F19 in MR Spectroscopy

A

Measurement of PO2
Analysis of glucose metabolism
Measurement of pH
Measurement of the concentration of psychotropic medications in the blood

51
Q

Clinical uses for Li7 in MR Spectrosocpy

A

Measurement of the concentration of psychotropic medications in the blood

52
Q

Clinical uses for P31 in MR Spectroscopy

A

pH of brain regions

Concentrations of phosphorus containing compounds that are important in the metabolic activiti of the brain

53
Q

Clinical uses for N14 in MR Spectroscopy

A

Measurement of glutamate, urea and ammonia

54
Q

Clinical uses for C13 in MR Spectroscopy

A

Measurement the concentrations of labelled drugs in the blood
Analysis of the metabolic turnover rate

55
Q

Clinical uses for O17 in MR Spectrosocpy

A

Measurement of metabolic rate

56
Q

Technique used in functional MRI

A

Blood oxygen level dependent technique

57
Q

Imaging technique that acts as a proxy measure of tissue activity

A

fMRI

58
Q

Advantage of fMRI over SPECT and PET scans

A

No administration of radioactive isotopes

59
Q

Network of regions which show higher baseline activity at rest on fMRI

A

Default mode network

60
Q

Types of compounds used in SPECT scans

A

Photon-emitting isotopes

61
Q

Type of SPECT scan available using Xenon-133

A

Regional cerebral blood flow technique

62
Q

Area of the brain where xenon-133 SPECT scans are able to measure

A

Blood flow on the surface of the brain

63
Q

Tracer used to measure blood flow to the whole of the brain in SPECT scans

A

Technitium-99m linked to HMPAO

64
Q

Tracer used to measure blood flow to the surface of the brain in SPECT scans

A

Xenon-133

65
Q

Tracer used most often to detect perfusion changes in dementia on SPECT scans

A

Technitium-99m HMPAO

66
Q

Uses of Iodine-123 in SPECT scans

A

Measure perfusion

Measure the occupancy and distribution of muscarinic, dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors

67
Q

Specific tracer used to measure D1/D2 receptors in SPECT scans

A

Iodobenzamide

68
Q

Specific tracer used to measure GABA-A receptors in SPECT scans

A

Iomazenil

69
Q

Specific tracer used to measure dopamine and serotonin transporters in SPECT scans

A

nor-β-CIT

70
Q

Specific tracer used to measure D2/D3 receptors in SPECT scans

A

Epidepride

71
Q

Reason why relatively few PET scanners are found

A

Require on-site cyclotron to make the isotopes

72
Q

Most commonly used ligand in PET scans

A

Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)

73
Q

Brain imaging that gives an index of the integrity of white matter and can be used to infer the white matter connectivity of the brain

A

Diffusion tensor imaging

74
Q

Imaging technique that detects levels of oxygenated haemoglobin in the blood

A

fMRI

75
Q

Imaging technique that detects odd numbered nuclei

A

MRS

76
Q

Difference between PET and SPECT scans

A

In SPECT a single particle is emitted

In PET two particles are emitted

77
Q

Imaging which uses BOLD technique to map cortical activation

A

fMRI

Assessment (22 decks)

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