Descriptive psychopathology Flashcards
Descriptor for the quality of affect e.g. happy, anxious, angry
Valence
Descriptor for the responsiveness of affect to environmental stimuli
Reactivity
Descriptor for affectivity which shows a lessened response to environmental stimuli
Blunted affect
Descriptor for a lack of range of expression
Restricted or constricted range of expression
Descriptor for the maintenance of an affective state in the absence of any environmental stimuli that should change the affect
Stability
Descriptor for affect which changes quickly despite a lack of environmental cues
Labile affect
Conditions in which labile affect is commonly seen
Emotionally unstable personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
PTSD
Extreme form of labile affectivity seen in organic illnesses where the patient might laugh and cry within minutes despite lack of environmental cues
Emotional incontinence
Elements of mania
Disturbed emotion
Disturbed thought e.g. pressured speech, delusions
Disturbed will e.g. grandiose plans and ideas
Mixed state where there is high mood but low will and thought
Manic stupor
Mixed state where there is high mood and will but low thought
Mania with poverty of thought
Mixed state where there is high mood and thought but low will
Inhibited mania
Mixed state where there is low mood but high will and thought
Depressive mania
Mixed state where there is low mood and thought but high will
Excited depression
Mixed state where there is low mood and will but high thought
Depression with flight of ideas
Mixed state where there is predominantly mania with some depressive symptoms
Dysphoric mania
Mixed state where there is predominantly depression with some manic symptoms
Depressive mixed state
Features of organic pain
Confined to certain anatomical areas Remits and fluctuates Can often describe the quality Can wake from sleep Tenderness present Typical postural changes e.g. broken leg hurts on moving it
Features of non-organic pain
Diffuse Constant and unremitting Difficult to describe the quality Rarely wakes from sleep Tenderness rare No postural variation
Common areas for non-organic pain to be found
Head, neck and back
Most common symptoms in hypochondriasis
GI symptoms
The inability to derive pleasure and the decreased interest in activities
Anhedonia
The inability to label or describe one’s own emotions
Alexithymia
Definition of age disorientation
Misstating one’s age by 5 years or more
Perceptual error where the correct object is perceived, but its quality is altered somehow
Perceptual distortion
Perceptual error where there is a stimulus present but a different object is perceived
Illusion
Perceptual error where there is no stimulus but an object is perceived
Hallucination
Perceptual error where there is a stimulus but no object is perceived
Negative hallucination
States in which hyperacusis is commonly seen
Migraine
Hangover
States in which intense perceptions occur
Mania
Hyperactive delirium
Drug induced states
Perceptual error where an object’s shape is changed, especially when it loses its symmetry and one side becomes larger than the other
Dysmegalopsia
Perceptual error where an object appears smaller than it is
Micropsia
Perceptual error where an object appears larger than it is
Macropsia
Occurs when an image is produced voluntarily in the mind, with full knowledge it is not present
Imagery
Occurs when visual images are taken accurately from memory and described as if they are currently occurring
Eidetic imagery
Type of illusion where the current emotional state leads to a misperception
Affect illusion
Quality of an affect illusion
Provokes an emotion, often fear
Disappears on increased concentration
Type of illusion where an object is seen in an ambiguous stimulus
Pareidolic illusion
Quality of a pareidolic illusion
Often playful
Becomes more intense on increased concentration
Type of illusion where a stimulus that does not form a complete object might be perceived to be complete
Completion illusion
Quality of a completion illusion
Occurs due to inattention
Usually disappears on increased concentration
Example of an affect illusion
E.g. seeing a figure caused by the movement in the wind of trees at night
Example of a pareidolic illusion
E.g. seeing Jesus’ face in a slice of toast
Example of a completion illusion
E.g. Reading a road sign as it should read when the last letter is missing
Common states that trigger pareidolic illusions
Delirium especially children who are febrile
Hallucinogen use
Type of illusion that are typically under some voluntary control
Pareidolic illusion
Features of true hallucinations
Absence of insight
Sought for in other modalities e.g. reached out for
In an objective spatial location
Features of pseudohallucinations
Often presence of insight
Not sought for in other modalities
In subjective space
States where pseudohallucinations are seen
Dissociative states
Personality disorders
Following trauma
Auditory hallucinations that occur as human voices
Phonemes
Most common characteristics of schizophrenic phoneme hallucinations
Male
Speaking in mother tongue
Episodic
Organic causes of visual hallucinations
Occipital lobe tumours Post-concussion Post-seizure Hepatic failure Delirium Dementia
Type of visual hallucinations caused by hallucinogens
Elemental e.g. light flashes
Type of hallucination often seen in temporal lobe epilepsy
Visual-verbal hallucinations e.g. a child that speaks to them
Features of hallucinations in Charles Bonnet syndrome
Simple patterns
Well coloured, formed hallucinations of people
Often decrease on e.g. closing eyes, moving head etc.
Usually preserved insight
Hallucinations which involve tiny people or animals
Lilliputian hallucinations
Hallucinations involving the visual experience of seeing oneself
Autoscopic hallucinations
The experience of looking into a mirror and seeing nobody there
Negative autoscopy
Visual disturbance where images persist even after the stimulus has left
Palinopsia
Difference between palinopsia and afterimage
Afterimages often show colour inversion and distortion but palinopsia does not
Somatic hallucinations involving the sense of touch
Tactile
Somatic hallucinations involving the sense of wetness
Hygric
Somatic hallucinations involving the sense of heat or cold
Thermic
Pain-like visceral somatic hallucinations
Coenesthetic hallucinations
Somatic hallucinations involving joint or muscle sense
Kinaesthetic or proprioceptive hallucinations
Hallucinations involving the feeling of insects crawling under the skin
Formication
Common causes for formication hallucinations
Alcohol withdrawal
Cocaine intoxication
Causes of olfactory hallucinations
Temporal lobe epilepsy in the aura
In depression with nihilism
Hallucinations that occur outwith the normal field of perception e.g. images seen behind someone’s back
Extracampine hallucinations
Hallucinations that occur when going to sleep
Hypnagogic hallucinations
Hallucinations that occur on waking up
Hypnopompic hallucinations
Most common form of hypnogogic hallucination
Hearing one’s name called
Hallucinations that occur in the context of a genuine stimulus in the same modality - the hallucination and external stimulus are individually perceived
Functional hallucinations
Example of functional hallucinations
Hearing screaming every time the noise of the radio is heard
Hallucinations that occur in the context of a genuine stimulus in a different modality
Reflex hallucinations
Example of a reflex hallucination
Hearing your voice called when you see a yellow car
A stimulus is perceived in a different modality to the one it is occurring in
Synaesthesia
Differences between synaesthesia and reflex hallucinations
In synaesthesia the stimulus is the thing that is perceived, but in a different modality
In a reflex hallucination the stimulus is perceived as it is, and there is also a perception of something else in a different modality
In synaesthesia the perception is simple and non-bizarre e.g. seeing music as colours
First reported synaesthesia
Francis Galton
Most common sex to have synaesthesia
Female
Most common form of synaesthesia
Colour-number
Dimensions of delusions according to Kendler
- Conviction
- Extension
- Disorganisation
- Bizarreness
- Pressure
- Acting on delusion
- Seeking evidence
- Lack of insight
Dimension of a delusion that refers to the extent to which the delusion spreads to other areas of life
Extension
Dimension of a delusion that refers to the degree of internal consistency to the belief
Disorganisation
Dimension of a delusion that refers to the implausibility of the belief
Bizarreness
Dimension of a delusion that refers to the extent to which the person is upset or preoccupied by the delusion
Pressure
Delusions that occur out of the blue, without any identifiable preceding events
Autochthonous delusions/delusional intuitions
Delusions where a normally perceived object is given a delusional meaning
Delusional perception
Type of delusion which is included in Schneider’s first rank symptoms
Delusional perception
Example of a delusional perception
A tree with blossom on is perceived normally but the person on seeing the tree that it means that their partner has been unfaithful
Sense of confusion or uncertainty that precedes psychosis and can precede a primary autochthonous delusion
Delusional mood
Two definitions of a delusional memory
- A false memory which never occurred but is believed in to a delusional extent
- A true memory which is retrospectively given a delusional meaning e.g. my mother took me to France as a child and I now understand she did this because I am an angel
Most common theme for delusions
Persecutory
Delusions in which someone is convinced their partner is cheating on them
Othello syndrome/morbid jealousy
Delusions in which someone believes someone else, often of higher social standing, is secretly in love with them
De Clerambault’s syndrome/erotomania
Delusions in which someone believes they are dead
Cotard syndrome
Most common cause of Cotard syndrome
Psychotic depression
Age group Cotard syndrome is most commonly seen in
Elderly
Delusions in which someone believes they have body odour despite not being able to smell it themselves
Olfactory reference syndrome
Delusions in which someone believes they are infested with parasites
Ekbom syndrome
Sign related to Ekbom syndrome where someone will present with supposed evidence of their infection in the form of skin scrapings
Matchbox syndrome
Delusions in which someone believes a part of their body is misshapen, abnormal or unattractive
Dysmorphic delusions
Delusion in which someone believes a person close to them has been replaced by an exact double
Capgras syndrome
Delusion in which someone believes strangers to be someone close to them in disguise - they have invaded the body of a stranger
Fregoli syndrome
Delusion in which someone believes another person has transformed into an exact double of themselves
Syndrome of subjective doubles
Delusion in which someone believes people are able to continuously change their physical appearance
Intermetamorphasis
Delusion in which someone believes another person’s face transforms for seconds at a time into a grotesque mask
Paraprosopia
Occurs when someone gives strong personal significance to an innocuous or coincidental event
Idea of reference
Abnormal beliefs which are not delusional, but which dominate a person’s life
Overvalued ideas
Shared delusion between two people, occurs when a psychotic person transfers their delusions to a person close to them
Folie a deux
Outcome of separating two people experiencing folie a deux
The person who was genuinely psychotic stays unwell
The other person loses their delusional beliefs
Most common pairing to experience folie a deux
Partners
Types of hallucination included in Schneider’s first rank symptoms
Thought echo
Running commentary
Voices heard discussing/arguing
‘Made’ phenomena included in Schneider’s first rank symptoms
Made affect
Made volition
Made impulse
Phenomenon where someone believes their mood is being controlled
Made affect
Phenomenon where someone believes their actions are being controlled
Made volition
Phenomenon where someone believes their wish to act is being controlled
Made impulse
Thought phenomena included in Schneider’s first rank symptoms
Thought withdrawal
Thought insertion
Thought broadcast
Symptoms included in Schneider’s first rank symptoms which are not hallucinations, ‘made’ phenomena or thought phenomena
Delusional perception
Somatic passivity - feeling bodily sensations are being imposed by outside forces
Aspect of conversational speech which involves comments made not just in response to questions
Spontaneity
Aspect of conversational speech which involves responses being made at appropriate points in the conversation, while the other person is not talking
Turn-taking
Aspect of conversational speech which involves making comments relevant to what has already been discussed in the conversation
Mutual topic
Aspect of conversational speech which involves non-verbal parts of a conversation
Animation
The inability to vocalise sound - whispering can occur and the speech is otherwise normal
Aphonia
The inability to articulate speech properly
Dysarthria
Speech which is fragmented by pauses or the repetition of words or parts of words
Stammering
Speech which is interrupted by difficulty in producing the start of words
Stuttering
Speech which is slowed down
Bradyphasia
Speech which is sped up
Tachyphasia
Speech which is increased in quantity, usually without pressure or formal thought disorder, sometimes to the point of incoherence
Logorrhoea
Speech which is decreased in quantity, including little spontaneous talking
Alogia
Speech which is adequate in quantity but which conveys little information
Poverty of content of speech
Complete lack of speech
Mutism
Occurs when someone is able to speak in certain situations but not in others
Elective mutism
The inability to either move or speak, despite a normal conscious level and despite not actually being parallysed
Akinetic mutism
Spontaneous repetition of words or phrases, without a goal
Verbigeration
Repetition of the last spoken word without a goal
Palilalia
Repetition of the last syllable of a word
Logoclonia
Area of the brain which processes the language component of heard speech
Wernicke’s area
Area of the brain which is the higher motor area for language production
Broca’s area
Difficulty or inability of language reception, production and processing
Aphasia
Type of aphasia where there is non-fluent production of words, with interruptions and pauses but with a good degree of meaning retained
Broca’s aphasia
Type of aphasia where there is fluent language which makes little sense
Wernicke’s aphasia/jargon aphasia
Lack of reading comprehension, despite ability to write, speak and understand spoken words
Alexia
Inability to write, despite ability to read, speak and understand spoken language
Agraphia
Acquired inability to read or write
Alexia with agraphia
Impaired comprehension only for spoken language - ability to read, write and speak
Pure word deafness
Inability to produce spoken words clearly despite ability to read, write and understand spoken language
Pure word dumbness
Type of normal thinking which is unrealistic and lacks a goal
Fantasy/autistic thinking
Type of normal thinking which mixes fantasy with memory, and is goal directed
Imaginative thinking
Type of normal thinking which is logical and based on factual reality
Rational/conceptual thinking
Element of thought which refers to what is being thought about
Content
Element of thought which refers to the manner in which something is being thought about e.g. logically, loosened associations
Form
Element of thought which refers to how something is being thought about e.g. fast or slow
Stream/flow
Element of thought which refers to where the thought comes from
Control of thought
Type of formal thought disorder characterised by Cameron in which there are approximations used as substitute words
Metonymy
Type of formal thought disorder characterised by Cameron in which there are a lack of links in thoughts
Asyndesis
Type of formal thought disorder characterised by Cameron in which ideas only slightly related to the subject of the thought are included in the thinking
Overinclusion
Type of formal thought disorder characterised by Cameron in which irrelevant thoughts penetrate a stream of thoughts
Interpenetration
Type of formal thought disorder characterised by Carl Schneider in which an inappropriate thought slots in between appropriate thoughts
Substitution
Type of formal thought disorder characterised by Carl Schneider in which a chunk of thought is missing from a conversation and the person speaking is unaware of this
Omission
Type of formal thought disorder characterised by Carl Schneider in which thoughts fuse together
Fusion
Type of formal thought disorder characterised by Carl Schneider in which there are fragments of unrelated thoughts with loss of associations between them
Drivelling
Type of formal thought disorder characterised by Carl Schneider in which a flow of thoughts is suddenly changed
Derailment
Type of speech in which the meaning is clear but the words used are not words that would normally be used e.g. a four legged, flat topped laptop holder instead of a desk
Verbal paraphrasia
Type of speech in which nobody except the person speaking can make sense of the sentence
Literal paraphrasia
The making up of a new word, or using an existing word with a completely different meaning
Neologism
The using of a word (either made up or existing) repeatedly, often to mean multiple different things and in different contexts
Stock words
Sudden pause in the flow of thoughts
Thought block
Overly formal speech in an inappropriate context, often used because someone is unable to remember the more commonly used word
Stilted speech
Thoughts that follow each other so quickly there is no smooth direction to the thinking
Flight of ideas
Thoughts that are associated by the fact the start of the words sound similar, rather than because their meanings are similar e.g. Cloud, clout, clown, clop
Clang associations
Thoughts that are associated because of a word that has a dual meaning
Punning
Thoughts that are associated because the words have similar endings e.g. bat, cat, hat
Rhyming
Talking past the point, leading to approximate but not exact answers
Vorbeireden
Syndrome of approximate answers, often seen in criminals e.g. answering how many legs does a chair have with 5
Ganser syndrome
Thoughts that move away from the main point, with many diversions, but do eventually return to the main topic
Circumstantiality
Thoughts that move away from the main topic with digressions but do not return
Tangentiality
The inability to think abstractly
Concrete thinking
The idea that thinking of one thing primes someone to think of other, related things e.g. if motorway is thought of the person might be primed to think more easily about cars, roads, driving, journeys etc.
Direct semantic priming
The idea that thinking of one thing leads someone to be primed to think of another related thing, which then primes them to think of something related to the second thing and so on e.g. thinking of motorway would prime someone to think of car, which would prime them to think of window, which would prime them to think of lighthouse
Indirect semantic priming
The subjective thought of someone having too many thoughts, associations and connections inside their head
Crowding of thought/pressured thinking
Thought processes which persist longer than is useful; the inability to move on from a thought process
Perseveration
Unwanted, intrusive and repetitive thoughts
Obsessions
Most common obsession in OCD
Fear of contamination
Most common compulsion in OCD
Checking behaviour
The endless mental preoccupation with particular unpleasant thoughts or topics
Rumination
Limited range of thought content, fixation on a particular topic or a small number of topics
Restricted thinking
Increased intensity of sensations
Hyperaesthesia
Increased intensity of sound
Hyperacusis
Decreased intensity of sound
Hypoacusis
Change in visual perception where things appear abnormally coloured
Chromatopsia
Change in visual perception where things appear nearer than they actually are
Pelopsia
Change in visual perception where things appear further away than they actually are
Teleopsia
The act of making a series of tentative, opposing movements which do not meet a goal e.g. someone almost bringing a fork to their mouth, then moving it away again and again
Ambitendence
Exaggerated cooperation with an examiner’s request, even if they have asked the patient not to cooperate
Automatic obedience
The inability to refuse being placed in abnormal positions, despite being asked to resist this
Mitmachen
The yielding to the slightest of pressures to be placed in certain positions, even if asked to resist
Mitgehen
Having a ‘mouldable’ quality, where limbs are able to be placed in certain positions and stay there even if it is uncomfortable
Catalepsy/wavy flexibility
Mimicking an examiner’s movements
Echopraxia
Mimicking an examiner’s words
Echolalia
Resistance to passive movement with the exact opposite force required
Gegenhalten/opposition
Resistance to all passive movements attempted by an examiner
Negativism
Sudden stopping of a motor action by a patient without any warning
Obstruction/sperrung
The maintenance of odd facial expressions
Grimacing
The maintenance of a specific facial expression where the patient cups their lips as if they are spastic
Schnauzkrampf
Complete lack of activity although the patient is able to perceive stimuli normally
Stupor
Extreme non-purposeful activity; constant motor unrest
Catatonic excitement
Unusual but purposeful movements e.g. shrugging, tiptoe walking
Mannerisms
The maintenance of odd postures
Posturing
Extreme form of posturing where a patient holds their head some inches off their pillow for a long period of time
Psychological pillow
Repetitive, unusual and apparently non-goal directed motor movements
Stereotypes
Inability to walk or stand upright despite no obvious neurological deficits
Astasia-abasia/Blocq’s disease
Focal cranial dystonia, starts with increased blinking and may progress to the eyes remaining shut for long periods of time, causing functional blindness
Blepharospasm
Involuntary (but suppressible to some extent) jerky movements, often of the face, or vocalisations
Tics
Specific tic involving the vocalising of obscenities
Coprolalia
The feeling of having seen or experienced an event which is being experienced for the first time
Déjà vu
The feeling that current events have been lived through before
Déjà vecu
The pathological feeling that a new thought has been thought before
Déjà pensée
The pathological feeling that someone’s voice is familiar when it is not
Déjà entendu
The feeling that an experience which has been experienced before is happening for the first time
Jamais vu
The feeling that an experience which has been experienced before is happening for the first time
Jamais vu
Falsification of memories due to gaps the memory, associated with organic disease
Confabulation
Most common cause described of confabulation
Korsakoff syndrome
Falsification of memories where the claims made are plausible but extreme or grandiose
Pseudologia fantastica
Narrowing of consciousness, wandering away from familiar surroundings, loss of memory and identity, retention of procedural memory, with subsequent amnesia for the episode
Dissociative fugue
Features of Ganser syndrome
Approximate answers/vorbereiden
Clouding of consciousness with disorientation
Often pseudohallucinations
Amnesia for the abnormal behaviour events
Somatic conversion features
Often occurs in inmate populations
Sympathetic pregnancy that most often affects partners of the pregnant woman - the man does not think he is pregnant
Couvade syndrome
Condition where a woman experiences clinical signs of pregnancy and is convinced she is pregnant
Pseudocyesis
Type of possession state where the patient believes they have been transformed into an animal, often a wolf
Lycanthropy
Cluster of symptoms seen in near death experiences
Out of body experiences
Autoscopy
Depersonalisation
Transcendental experiences
Change in self awareness where someone feels as if they are not real
Depersonalisation
Change in awareness where someone feels as thought their surroundings are not real
Derealisation
Change in self awareness where someone feels as though part of their body is not real
Desomatisation
State where there is an inability to feel any emotion
Deaffectualisation
Four A’s involved in insight
Awareness of symptoms
Attribution of symptoms to a mental illness
Appraisal of the consequences of the symptoms
Acceptance of treatment
The recalling of expansive memories in great detail, associated with temporal lobe epilepsy
Panoramic memory
Type of seizure that begins with a dreamlike state, and hallucinations of taste and smell, associated with temporal lobe epilepsy
Uncinate seizures
Type of seizure where there are isolated auras involving hallucinations, depersonalisation, micropsia, macropsia, déjà vu and jamais vu, associated with temporal lobe epilepsy
Psychic seizures
Most common type of seizure in parietal lobe epilepsy
Somatosensory seizures
Type of seizure involving physical sensations of numbness, tingling, heat, pressure, electricity or pain
Somatosensory seizures
Specific type of somatosensory seizure where a patient feels a particular sensation ‘marching’ in a predictable pattern along the body
Jacksonian march
Most common type of epilepsy to cause pain as a symptom
Parietal lobe epilepsy
Features of frontal lobe seizures
Short in duration
Occur during sleep
Occur in clusters
Involve strange automatisms
Type of frontal lobe seizure that includes crying as the only symptom
Dacrystic seizure
Type of frontal lobe seizure that involves laughing as the only symptom
Gelastic seizure
Type of thought disorder more common in mania than schizophrenia
Clanging
Flight of ideas
Type of thought disorder more common in schizophrenia than mania
Derailment
Thought blocking
Organic states commonly associated with autoscopy
Parietal or temporoparietal lesions
Toxic infective states
Epilepsy
Causes of eidetic imagery
Substance misuse
Among children
In religious practices
Auditory hallucinations involving hearing one’s thoughts spoken aloud as they are thinking them
Gedankenlautwerden
Auditory hallucination involving hearing one’s thoughts spoken aloud after they think them
Echo de la pensée
Hallucinations which are unformed, and experienced as simple sounds, colours, fragments etc.
Elementary hallucinations
Most common cause of crowding of thought
Schizophrenia
Clouding of consciousness occurring with an epileptic seizure accompanied by complex actions which someone is not aware of making
Automatism
Most common hallucinations in psychotic depression
Auditory hallucinations, either second person derogatory or first person with strong negative components
Commonly seen in conversion disorder, where someone appears unconcerned by their deficit
La belle indifference
Type of somatic hallucination where there are unfounded bodily sensations relating to the viscera
Coenaesthesia
Feeling that parts of the body are distorted, twisted or separated from the rest of the body
Paraschemazia
Common causes of pseudologia fantastica
Dissocial or hysterical personality types
Sensation of a bright light behind the eyes, often with a zig-zag outline
Scintillating scotoma/teichopsia
Condition associated with scintillating scotoma/teichopsia
Migraine
Type of experience where the phenomena itself, not just its content, is distressing
Ego-dystonic
Type of experience where the phenomena itself is not distressing, distress occurs if the content is distressing
Ego-syntotic
Types of experience which are ego-dystonic
Depersonalisation
Derealisation
Obsessions
Definition of primary delusions according to Jaspers
They are un-understandable and not secondary to another psychopathological process such as mood disorder
Four types of primary delusions
Delusional mood
Delusional perception
Delusional memory
Autochthonous delusions
Catatonic sign where a patient turns dramatically towards someone when spoken to
Advertence
Catatonic sign where the patient turns dramatically away when spoken to
Aversion
Condition associated with one way amnesia
Multiple personality disorder
Common cause of kinaesthetic hallucination
Benzodiazepine withdrawal
Causes of musical hallucinations
Temporal lobe lesions
Cochlear defects
Sensory deprivation
Schizophrenia
Measure of the difference in vocabulary between written and spoken language
Type token ratio
Most common hallucinations in alcoholic hallucinosis
Threatening, unstructured sounds or voices
The inability to identify objects by feel only
Astereognosis
Overvalued idea in which someone believes an aspect of their body is abnormal or deformed
Dysmorphophobia
The original interpretation of first rank symptoms
They represent a disturbance of ego-boundary
Age group who commonly suffer from agitated depression
Elderly
Most common cause of stupor in a psychiatry setting
Depression
Subjective personality state where there is a subjective experience of thoughts being slowed down or blocked
Inhibited thinking
Objective state of slowed down and sluggish thinking
Retarded thinking
Types of passivity of thought
Thought withdrawal
Thought insertion
Thought broadcast
Specific tic involving socially unacceptable gestures
Copropraxia
Eating of faeces
Coprophagia
The belief that a place has been duplicate
Reduplicative paramnesia
The belief that two identical places exist, at a geographical distance from one another
Place reduplication
The belief that two places have become combined e.g. a patient believing they are in their house but also somehow in hospital
Chimeric assimilation
The belief that someone’s current location is actually somewhere else
Extravagant spatial localisation
The process of having a thought without realising that thought has occurred before
Cryptomnesia
Less severe form of flight of ideas sometimes seen in hypomania
Prolixity
German term for the feeling of a presence of a person or thing
Anwesenheit
German term for derailment of thought
Entgleisen
Type of delusion which is logical and organised
Systematised
Type of delusion where the delusion and fact are mixed together
Polarised
Type of delusion where the delusion and fact sit side by side but do not interact
Juxtaposed
Type of delusion where reality is not taken into account at all
Autistic
German term for a delusional mood
Wahnstimmung
The subjective sense of the arms or legs feeling heavy, seen in atypical depression
Leaden paralysis
A unilateral lack of body image
Hemisomatognosia
The perception that certain body parts are magnified
Hyperschemazia
A mood state which is ill-humoured and disgruntled
Verstimmung
A tendency to tell inappropriate jokes seen in frontal lobe disorders
Witzelsücht
Term used to describe a disorder in memory where reality and fantasy are confused
Paramnesia
Descriptor where there is a complete lack of affect in response to environmental stimuli
Flat affect
Descriptor where the affect appears at odds with the environmental stimuli
Incongruity of affect
Hallucinations which involve gigantic people or animals
Brobdingnagian
The ability to recognise symbols that are traced on the skin
Graphaesthesia
The inability to perceive more than one object at a time, or to recognise complex images
Simultanagnosia
The inability to construct or copy figures
Visuospatial agnosia
The failure to recognise a functional deficit
Anosognosia
The inability to identify familiar faces
Prosopagnosia
Characterised by the hoarding of usually useless objects, in conjunction with neglect of home or environment
Diogenes syndrome
The failure to recognise parts of the body
Autotopagnosia
Failure to recognise familiar voices
Phonagnosia
The feelings a therapist has about their patient/client
Countertransference
Situation where one person with psychosis develops the delusions of another person with psychosis
Folie induit
The adoption by a healthy person of the delusion of a person with psychosis (part of folie à deux)
Folie imposée
Situation where two people with psychotic illnesses develop the same delusion at the same time
Folie simultanée
The adoption by a healthy person of the delusion of a person with psychosis, but only where this occurs after a period of resistance
Folie communiqué
Alternative name for thought blocking
Snapping off
State where a person experiences two radically different aspects of themselves and their personality
Double phenomenon
Types of formal thought disorders described by Kurt Schneider
Substitution Omission Fusion Drivelling Derailment
Types of formal thought disorders described by Cameron
Asyndesis
Interpenetration
Metonymy
Overinclusion
The separation of belief from feeling and behaviour, most often seen in chronic schizophrenia
Double orientation
Incomprehensible speech sometimes seen in a hypnotic trance or religious experience - speaking in tongues
Glossolalia
Intrusive thoughts not in line with a person’s personality, often seen in OCD
Ego-dystonic thoughts
Feeling that part of the body is missing, or having no body image for part of the body
Aschemazia
Awareness of one’s physiological state
Interoception
Condition associated with impaired interoception
ASD
Delusions that arise as a result of a patient trying to understand a psychopathological process e.g. a patient trying to explain their auditory hallucinations
Delusional elaboration
Most common type of synaesthesia
Colour number type
