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anatomy > idk > Flashcards

idk Flashcards

1
Q

pancrease location

A

Retroperitoneal – posterior to stomach

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2
Q

Endocrine islets secrete

A

insulin and glucagon

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3
Q

exocrine tissue secreting

A

pancreatic juice
Enzymes, zymogens (inactive precursors of enzymes), sodium
bicarbonate, water, and electrolytes

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4
Q

Branching ducts

A

– Pancreatic duct
– Accessory pancreatic duct – opens at minor duodenal papilla

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5
Q

Acinar cells

A

specialized cells in the pancreas that produce, store, and release digestive enzymes into the small intestine

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6
Q

GERD

A

lower esophagegeal sphincter weakens and like stomach acid into esophagus
“heart burn”

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7
Q

Barrett esophagus

A

– metaplasia of stratified
squamous into simple columnar epithelium
10% of GERD

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8
Q

hiatal hernia

A

stomach protrusion into thoracic cavity
might balloon

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9
Q
A
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9
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Presence of inflamed herniations (outpocketings, diverticula) of the colon
can rupture

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10
Q

Diverticulitis

A

associated with low fiber

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11
Q

Cirrhosis of liver

A

irreversible
caused by alcohol
may cause jaundice, liver hypoxia, failure, necrosis

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12
Q

cirrhosis appearence

A

cobbly and hard

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13
Q

urinary system function

A

rid of metabolic wastes, hormones, drugs regulate water, electrolytes, acid base reactions,

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14
Q

urinary system hormones

A

erythropoietin
calcitriol synthesis

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15
Q

calcitriol synthesis

A

Ca2+ absorption

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16
Q

erythropoietin

A

RBC production

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17
Q

kidney located

A

retroperitoneal, against posterior abdominal wall

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18
Q

Superior pole of the L kidney is at the
level of

A

T12 spine

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19
Q

glands resting on

A

Superior poles

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20
Q

superior pole of r kidney to accommodate liver

A

2 cm lower

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21
Q

kidney fibrous capsule

A

Dense irregular
CT that covers outer surface of
kidney

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22
Q

kidney perinephric fat

A

fat for cushioning

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23
Q

kindey renal fasica

A

dense irregular tissue anchoring kidney to posterior abdominal wall

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24
Q

kidnet paranephric fat

A

fat bn renal fasica and peritoneum

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25
Q

kidney hilum

A

slit in the concave medial border
where vessels, nerves, and the ureter
connect
in renal sinus

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26
Q

renal cortex

A

outer zone

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27
Q

renal column

A

Extensions of cortex towards sinus

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28
Q

renal medulla

A

inner

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29
Q

renal pyramids

A

triangular structure, base in contact with corticomedullary junction

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30
Q

renal papilla

A

renal pyramid

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31
Q

minor calyx

A

Each renal papilla projects into a
hollow funnel-shaped structure called
the

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32
Q

major calyx

A

fused major calyx

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33
Q

renal pelvis

A

major calyces fuse

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34
Q

the ureter collects from

A

The pelvis

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35
Q

calyces and pelvis epithelium

A

trasnitional

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36
Q

Each kidney has

A

8 to 15 renal lobes

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37
Q

Capillary blood pressure

A

10-15 mm hg

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38
Q

Glomerulus blood pressure

A

60 mm hg

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39
Q

% of a kidney is necessary maintain homeostasis

A

1/3

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40
Q

Blood enters kidneys by the -
arteries

A

renal

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41
Q

Within the renal sinus, the renal
arteries branch into

A

segmental arteries

42
Q

Segmental arteries branch into

A

interlobar arteries

43
Q

interlobar arteries travel in

A

renal columns

44
Q

afferent artierioles

A

interlobular artieres that enter the kidney and expand into this

45
Q

glomerulus

A

tuft of capillaries of afferent arterioles

46
Q

efferent arteriole

A

blood exits glomerulus and renal corpuscle thru

47
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

efferent
Surround the convoluted
tubules and reside
primarily in the cortex

48
Q

interlobular veins

A

The smallest veins are the

49
Q

Vasa recta

A

efferent
Associated mainly with the nephron
loop and primarily reside in the medulla

50
Q

arcuate veins

A

Interlobular veins merge to form

51
Q

interlobar veins

A

Arcuate veins merge to form the

52
Q

renal vein

A

Interlobar veins merge in the renal
sinus to form

53
Q

renal plexus

A

mass of sensory and autonomic
fibers collectively called

54
Q

what makes up the renal plexus

A

celiac ganglia and
superior mesenteric ganglion

55
Q

the plexus accompanies - and enters kindey at the

A

renal art
hilum

56
Q

Pain from kidneys is usually
referred to dermatomes

A

T10–T12

57
Q

nephron

A

functinal filtration unit of kidney
millions of these hoes

58
Q

cotrical nephron

A

Bulk resides in kidney
cortex; account for about 85%
of all nephrons

59
Q

Juxtamedullary:

A

renal corpuscle near
corticomedullary junction,

long nephron loop extends
deep into the medulla;

15% of all nephrons

60
Q

renal corpuscle

A

filters blood plasma
is the glomerulus and glo capsule

61
Q

renal tubule

A

turns filtrate into urine

62
Q

renal tubule flo

A

– Proximal convoluted
tubule
– Nephron loop
– Distal convoluted tubule
– Collecting duct

63
Q

urine formation steps

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
water conservation

64
Q

glomerular capsule

A

capsule surroudning glomerulus made of two layers
visceral
parietal

65
Q

glo cap visceral layer made of

A

podocytes

66
Q

glo cap parietal layer made of

A

simple squamous epithelium

67
Q

At corpuscle’s vascular pole the -enters and the - exits

A

afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole

68
Q

At corpuscle’s tubular pole the -
tubule exits

A

proximal convoluted

69
Q

filtration membrane made of

A

endothelium of glomerulus
basement membrane of glomerulus
visceral layer of glo cap

70
Q

Endothelium of glomerulus type

A

fenestrated

71
Q

Basement membrane of glomerulus

A

porous lets stuff thru

72
Q

Visceral layer of glomerular capsule

A

made of podocytes

73
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule epithilium

A

simple cuboidal with microvilli
for absorbtion

74
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

intake reasborbed nutrients and water in proximal convoluted tubule

75
Q

nephron tube decending limb

A

Extends from the cortex into the
medulla
* Reabsorption of water

76
Q

nephron tube decending limb epithilium

A
  • Lined with simple cuboidal then
    simple squamous epithelia
77
Q

hi salt gradient down the medula bc

A

it wants water to interact with it

78
Q

Ascending limb:

A

Returns from medulla into cortex
* Active transport of salts into
the medulla

79
Q

Ascending limb: epithelia

A
  • Lined with simple squamous
    then simple cuboidal epithelia
80
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule epithelium

A

simple cuboidal epithelium (but microvilli are sparse
and short)

81
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule Secretes

A

K+ and H+ from peritubular
capillaries into tubular fluid

82
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule hormones it responds to

A

Responds to ADH and aldosterone
by altering reabsorption

83
Q

– ADH

A

causes increased water
reabsorption

84
Q

– Aldosterone

A

causes increased sodium reabsorption
can rause blood pressure

85
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

Modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole located at vascular pole of renal corpuscle
* Can release renin

86
Q

renin

A

causes increase in blood pressure

87
Q

Juxtaglomerular
Apparatus

A

Helps regulate blood pressure in the GLO only
will help alt piss production rate or smth

88
Q

Macula densa:

A

Group of modified epithelial cells in Dist convuluted tubulule that contact
juxtaglomerular cells

89
Q

macula densa monitors

A

ion concentration in tubular
fluid and can stimulate juxtaglomerular cells

90
Q

Mesangial cells:

A

Sit between juxtaglomerular cells and arterioles
* Can contract and phagocytize filtered particles

91
Q

Collecting Ducts run thru

A

medulla toward renal papilla

92
Q

Collecting Ducts

A
  • Reabsorption of H2O
  • Modify tubular fluid under
    the influence of
    aldosterone and ADH
93
Q

Collecting Ducts epithelia

A

simple cuboidal
then simple columnar
epithelia

94
Q

hi levels of aldosterone and ADH

A

leads to retention of Na+ and H20

95
Q

Once tubular fluid leaves collecting duct it is

A

urine
PISS

96
Q

Calyces and pelvis epi

A

transitional epithelium

97
Q

ureters

A

tube that extends 25 cm from kidney to bladder

98
Q

ureters three layered wall

A

– Mucosa
– Muscularis
– Adventitia

99
Q

ureters mucosa

A

transitional epithelium

100
Q

ureter muscularis

A

inner longitudinal layer and outer
circular layer of smooth muscle

101
Q

ureter adventitta

A

areolar connective tissue

102
Q
A

anatomy (20 decks)

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