idk Flashcards
1
Q
pancrease location
A
Retroperitoneal – posterior to stomach
2
Q
Endocrine islets secrete
A
insulin and glucagon
3
Q
exocrine tissue secreting
A
pancreatic juice
Enzymes, zymogens (inactive precursors of enzymes), sodium
bicarbonate, water, and electrolytes
4
Q
Branching ducts
A
– Pancreatic duct
– Accessory pancreatic duct – opens at minor duodenal papilla
5
Q
Acinar cells
A
specialized cells in the pancreas that produce, store, and release digestive enzymes into the small intestine
6
Q
GERD
A
lower esophagegeal sphincter weakens and like stomach acid into esophagus
“heart burn”
7
Q
Barrett esophagus
A
– metaplasia of stratified
squamous into simple columnar epithelium
10% of GERD
8
Q
hiatal hernia
A
stomach protrusion into thoracic cavity
might balloon
9
Q
A
9
Q
Diverticulitis
A
Presence of inflamed herniations (outpocketings, diverticula) of the colon
can rupture
10
Q
Diverticulitis
A
associated with low fiber
11
Q
Cirrhosis of liver
A
irreversible
caused by alcohol
may cause jaundice, liver hypoxia, failure, necrosis
12
Q
cirrhosis appearence
A
cobbly and hard
13
Q
urinary system function
A
rid of metabolic wastes, hormones, drugs regulate water, electrolytes, acid base reactions,
14
Q
urinary system hormones
A
erythropoietin
calcitriol synthesis
15
Q
calcitriol synthesis
A
Ca2+ absorption
16
Q
erythropoietin
A
RBC production
17
Q
kidney located
A
retroperitoneal, against posterior abdominal wall
18
Q
Superior pole of the L kidney is at the
level of
A
T12 spine
19
Q
glands resting on
A
Superior poles
20
Q
superior pole of r kidney to accommodate liver
A
2 cm lower
21
Q
kidney fibrous capsule
A
Dense irregular
CT that covers outer surface of
kidney
22
Q
kidney perinephric fat
A
fat for cushioning
23
Q
kindey renal fasica
A
dense irregular tissue anchoring kidney to posterior abdominal wall
24
kidnet paranephric fat
fat bn renal fasica and peritoneum
25
kidney hilum
slit in the concave medial border
where vessels, nerves, and the ureter
connect
in renal sinus
26
renal cortex
outer zone
27
renal column
Extensions of cortex towards sinus
28
renal medulla
inner
29
renal pyramids
triangular structure, base in contact with corticomedullary junction
30
renal papilla
renal pyramid
31
minor calyx
Each renal papilla projects into a
hollow funnel-shaped structure called
the
32
major calyx
fused major calyx
33
renal pelvis
major calyces fuse
34
the ureter collects from
The pelvis
35
calyces and pelvis epithelium
trasnitional
36
Each kidney has
8 to 15 renal lobes
37
Capillary blood pressure
10-15 mm hg
38
Glomerulus blood pressure
60 mm hg
39
% of a kidney is necessary maintain homeostasis
1/3
40
Blood enters kidneys by the -
arteries
renal
41
Within the renal sinus, the renal
arteries branch into
segmental arteries
42
Segmental arteries branch into
interlobar arteries
43
interlobar arteries travel in
renal columns
44
afferent artierioles
interlobular artieres that enter the kidney and expand into this
45
glomerulus
tuft of capillaries of afferent arterioles
46
efferent arteriole
blood exits glomerulus and renal corpuscle thru
47
Peritubular capillaries
efferent
Surround the convoluted
tubules and reside
primarily in the cortex
48
interlobular veins
The smallest veins are the
49
Vasa recta
efferent
Associated mainly with the nephron
loop and primarily reside in the medulla
50
arcuate veins
Interlobular veins merge to form
51
interlobar veins
Arcuate veins merge to form the
52
renal vein
Interlobar veins merge in the renal
sinus to form
53
renal plexus
mass of sensory and autonomic
fibers collectively called
54
what makes up the renal plexus
celiac ganglia and
superior mesenteric ganglion
55
the plexus accompanies - and enters kindey at the
renal art
hilum
56
Pain from kidneys is usually
referred to dermatomes
T10–T12
57
nephron
functinal filtration unit of kidney
millions of these hoes
58
cotrical nephron
Bulk resides in kidney
cortex; account for about 85%
of all nephrons
59
Juxtamedullary:
renal corpuscle near
corticomedullary junction,
long nephron loop extends
deep into the medulla;
15% of all nephrons
60
renal corpuscle
filters blood plasma
is the glomerulus and glo capsule
61
renal tubule
turns filtrate into urine
62
renal tubule flo
– Proximal convoluted
tubule
– Nephron loop
– Distal convoluted tubule
– Collecting duct
63
urine formation steps
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion
water conservation
64
glomerular capsule
capsule surroudning glomerulus made of two layers
visceral
parietal
65
glo cap visceral layer made of
podocytes
66
glo cap parietal layer made of
simple squamous epithelium
67
At corpuscle’s vascular pole the -enters and the - exits
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
68
At corpuscle’s tubular pole the -
tubule exits
proximal convoluted
69
filtration membrane made of
endothelium of glomerulus
basement membrane of glomerulus
visceral layer of glo cap
70
Endothelium of glomerulus type
fenestrated
71
Basement membrane of glomerulus
porous lets stuff thru
72
Visceral layer of glomerular capsule
made of podocytes
73
Proximal Convoluted Tubule epithilium
simple cuboidal with microvilli
for absorbtion
74
peritubular capillaries
intake reasborbed nutrients and water in proximal convoluted tubule
75
nephron tube decending limb
Extends from the cortex into the
medulla
* Reabsorption of water
76
nephron tube decending limb epithilium
* Lined with simple cuboidal then
simple squamous epithelia
77
hi salt gradient down the medula bc
it wants water to interact with it
78
Ascending limb:
Returns from medulla into cortex
* Active transport of salts into
the medulla
79
Ascending limb: epithelia
* Lined with simple squamous
then simple cuboidal epithelia
80
Distal Convoluted Tubule epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium (but microvilli are sparse
and short)
81
Distal Convoluted Tubule Secretes
K+ and H+ from peritubular
capillaries into tubular fluid
82
Distal Convoluted Tubule hormones it responds to
Responds to ADH and aldosterone
by altering reabsorption
83
– ADH
causes increased water
reabsorption
84
– Aldosterone
causes increased sodium reabsorption
can rause blood pressure
85
Juxtaglomerular cells
Modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arteriole located at vascular pole of renal corpuscle
* Can release renin
86
renin
causes increase in blood pressure
87
Juxtaglomerular
Apparatus
Helps regulate blood pressure in the GLO only
will help alt piss production rate or smth
88
Macula densa:
Group of modified epithelial cells in Dist convuluted tubulule that contact
juxtaglomerular cells
89
macula densa monitors
ion concentration in tubular
fluid and can stimulate juxtaglomerular cells
90
Mesangial cells:
Sit between juxtaglomerular cells and arterioles
* Can contract and phagocytize filtered particles
91
Collecting Ducts run thru
medulla toward renal papilla
92
Collecting Ducts
* Reabsorption of H2O
* Modify tubular fluid under
the influence of
aldosterone and ADH
93
Collecting Ducts epithelia
simple cuboidal
then simple columnar
epithelia
94
hi levels of aldosterone and ADH
leads to retention of Na+ and H20
95
Once tubular fluid leaves collecting duct it is
urine
PISS
96
Calyces and pelvis epi
transitional epithelium
97
ureters
tube that extends 25 cm from kidney to bladder
98
ureters three layered wall
– Mucosa
– Muscularis
– Adventitia
99
ureters mucosa
transitional epithelium
100
ureter muscularis
inner longitudinal layer and outer
circular layer of smooth muscle
101
ureter adventitta
areolar connective tissue
102
mucosa
Transitional epithelium internal surface of the bladder
rugae (mucosal folds) further distension
103
Submucosa
* Dense irregular connective tissue that supports urinary bladder wall
104
Muscularis
* Three layers of smooth muscle *detrusor muscle
*urethral sphincter at urethral opening
105
Adventitia
* Outer layer of areolar connective tissue
106
urethra
Muscular tube between the bladder and exterior
107
* Internal urethral sphincter
– Smooth m. at bottom of bladder
involuntary
108
* External urethral sphincter
– Skeletal m. at pelvic floor
Voluntary
109
* External urethral orifice
– Opening at end of urethra
110
male urethra
3 divisions, in order of passing:
– Prostatic urethra
– Membranous urethra
– Spongy (penile) urethra
urine and semen
111
female urethra
3-4cm
* Anterior to vagina
* External urethral orifice between the vaginal orifice and clitoris
* PISS ONLY
112
micturition
pissing
113
involuntary piss reflex
-stretch receptors detect full bladder
-signals with parasympathetic pelvic nerve
-efferent signals excited detrusser muscle
- relax internal urethral sphincter
114
voluntary piss control
- piss center in pons gets signals
- pons returns signals to relax internal sphincter to piss
-cerebrum inhibit sacral neuron to keep it closed if cant piss rn
115
Nephroptosis
Kidney detaches and drifts inferiorly
can twist ureter and causes back flow and pain
116
Nephroptosis casues
low body fat
prolonged bumpy virbationy exposure
floating kidney
117
Renal Agenesis, unilateral
– Absence of one kidney
– Can be asymptomatic
– Hypertrophy- to compensate
118
Renal Agenesis, bilateral, Classic Potter Syndrome
rare
fatal- die V soon
no kidneys
119
Supernumerary Kidney
rare
thirds smaller normal kidney
susceptible to infection
own blood supply and ureter
120
horeshore kidney
1/600
asymptomatic
kidneys fused in utero
susceptible to truama and stones
121
ectopic kidney
outside where its supposed to be
122
pelvic kidney
kidney in true pelvis
123
intrathoracic kidney
above diaphragm
124
duplex kidney
Bifid pelvis gives rise to double
ureters to one kidney
asymptomatic
125
renal calculus
kidney stones
126
kidney stones causes
hypercalcemia, dehydration, ph imbalances, UTIs, enlarged prostates that cases urinary retention
127
kidney stone treatment
passing, surgery, lithotrispy
128
lithotripsy
nonsurgical
technique that pulverizes stones with
ultrasonic waves
