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anatomy > 19 > Flashcards

19 Flashcards

1
Q

transport function

A

Move respiratory gases (, ), nutrients, wastes,
hormones, stem cells

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2
Q

protection function

A

– Clotting prevents blood loss
– Inflammation, white blood cells, and antibodies fight
toxins and infections

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3
Q

regulation function

A

Balancing of fluid levels, pH, and temperature

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4
Q

plasma

A

clear, extracellular matrix

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5
Q

formed elements

A

cells/ cell fragments
red/white blood cells
platelets

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6
Q

buffy coat

A

leukocytes and platelets

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7
Q

hematocrit

A

blood cells in blood

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8
Q

serum

A

plasma- solids and clots

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9
Q

plasma is mostly

A

water

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10
Q

proteins in plasma

A

Albumins (transport), Globulins (antibodies), Fibrinogen (blood clot), Enzymes,

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11
Q

nutrients in plasma

A

Glucose, amino acids, lactic acid, lipids,

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12
Q

electrolytes in plasma

A

Salts of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl

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13
Q

nitrogenous waste in plasma

A

urea

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14
Q

hormones in plasma

A

gets turned hydrophilic to get carried by blood

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15
Q

gases in plasma

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

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16
Q

red blood cells

A
  • Discoid shape
  • Lacks nucleus,
    mitochondria, other
    organelles (because its sole purpose is to carry)
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17
Q

red blood cell function

A

carry oxy and carbon diox

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18
Q

hemaglobin

A

Quaternary structure with heme
iron containing, gas transport
in RBC
center binds oxygen

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19
Q

most common blood type

A

ABO and Rh

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20
Q

how blood types arrise

A

-Red blood cell contains antigens
- Plasma contains antibodies

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21
Q

Rh factor (+ or -)

A

d antigen
if antigens are present (+) or absent (-)

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22
Q

anemia

A

Deficiency of Erythrocytes or Hemoglobin

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23
Q

anemia causes

A

– Inadequate synthesis of red blood (Kidney failure, Iron-deficiency)
– Hemorrhagic anemias from bleeding
– Hemolytic anemias from RBC destruction

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24
Q

anemia consequences

A

tissue hypoxia, blood osmolarity reduced
blood viscosity is low

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25
Q

tissue hypoxia
symptoms

A
  • Patient is lethargic
  • Shortness of breath upon exertion
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26
Q

low blood viscosity leads to

A

Heart races and pressure drops

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27
Q

sickel cell

A

hereditary
caused by recessive allele that mods structure of Hb

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28
Q

modied Hb leads to

A

– HbS does not bind oxygen well
– Clump together
– Can lead to kidney or heart
failure, stroke, joint pain, or paralysis

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29
Q

white blood cells

A
  • Protect against pathogens
  • Least abundant of the formed elements
  • Migrate out of the bloodstream and into
    connective tissues
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30
Q

Agranulocytes

A

– Lymphocytes and monocytes

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31
Q
  • Granulocytes
A

– Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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32
Q

neutrophils

A

granulocytes
make up 60%-70% of WBC
multi lobes nucleus
phagocytes bacteria, secrete antimicrobial chemicals
increases count during infection

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33
Q

eosinophils

A

Granulocytes 4-5%
bi lobes
increase is parasitic infection
phagocytize allergens, antigen antibody complexes, inflammatory chemicals

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34
Q

basophils

A

granulocytes
irregulary shaped
stable count, up during viral infection
secrete histamine (increase blood flow) heparin (anticoagulant)

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35
Q

monocyte

A

arganulocytes
3-8% of wBC
kindey, horseshoe shapped
increase when viral infection (will change into macrophage)
phagocyte pathogens, dead neutrophils, debris of dead cells
present antigen to activate other cells of immune system

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36
Q

lymphocytes

A

agranulocutes 35-33%
round, ovioid, dimples
b and t cells, the guys
made in bone marrow

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37
Q

lymphocytes functions

A

diffl functional classes
* Destroy cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells
* Present antigens to activate other cells of immune system
* Coordinate actions of other immune cells
* Secrete antibodies
* Serve in immune memory

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38
Q

Platelets

A

-small fragments of megakaryocytes
-aid in blood clotting
-no nucleus

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39
Q

other platets funcitons

A

clots
Vasoconstriction,
clot dissolving,
WBC attraction (from like a cut),
destruction of bacteria, mitosis for
healing

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40
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

formation of hematopeitic stem cells from megakaryoblast

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41
Q

Megakaryocytes sprout-

A

proplatelet tendrils in red
marrow, too big to fit into cells
get smaller due to mechanical stress

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42
Q

Many proplatelets are broken into - within -

A

platelets
lung capillaries

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43
Q

Hemophilia

A

-Bleeding disorder
– Sex-linked – predominately in males
– Lacks one factors in coagulation

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44
Q
  • Thrombosis
A

– Abnormal clotting in an unbroken blood vessel
can cause heart attack or stroke

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45
Q
  • Thrombus
A

abnormal clot
can cause stroke or heart attack

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46
Q
  • Embolism
A

– Blockage of an artery by a broken off clot and travels somewhere else

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47
Q

– Pulmonary Embolism –

A

From deep vein thrombosis in the leg, gets lodged in the lungs
bad gas exhange

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48
Q
  • Embolus
A

– Clot that has broken free

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49
Q

why do old people not respond to hemopoeitic system stress

A

– Inadequate nutrition
– Inadequate exercise
– Atrophy of the kidneys
– Limited number of cell divisions of stem cells

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50
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

– Blood flows from right heart to lungs
– Gas exchange in lungs

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51
Q

systemic circuit

A

– Blood flows from left heart to all body
organs
– Gas exchange in organs

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52
Q

how is oxygen unloaded from blood

A

gas exchange in organs

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53
Q

pericardium function

A

Restricts heart movements so that it moves only slightly within the thorax
stop spread of infections

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54
Q

pericardium layers

A

fibrous
serous

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55
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

tough outer sac

56
Q

serous pericardium

A

epicardium made of parietal and visceral layers
touches heart

57
Q

pericardial cavity

A

thin space between
layers containing serous fluid

58
Q

epicardium heart wall

A

top layer
Visceral layer of
serous pericardium
areolar
connective tissue

59
Q

myocardium of heart

A

cardiac muscle
thickest
mid layer

60
Q

endocardium of heart

A

internal surface of heart chamber
makes wall of chambers
thin

61
Q

endocardium cells are what

A

simple squamous
epithelium and areolar connective
tissue

62
Q

why do cardiac muscles contract as one

A

all connected with gap junctions (pores n stuff) (interclated disk)

63
Q

auricles of heart

A

anterior part of atrium

64
Q

right atrium feeds into

A

right ventricle to pulmonary trunk for pulmonary circulation

65
Q

left atrium feeds into

A

aorta for systemic circulation

66
Q

coronary sulcus

A

groove separating atria and ventricles

67
Q

Anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular
sulcus are located

A

between the right and left ventricles

68
Q

coronary circulation supplies

A

the myocardium with blood

69
Q

coronary circulation blockage may lead to

A

heart attack/ myocardial infarction
death of heart tissue

70
Q

The right and left coronary arteries travel

A

within coronary sulcus

71
Q

The right and left coronary arteries supply

A

heart wall with oxygen and nutrients

72
Q

Right marginal artery: Supplies

A

the right border of the heart

73
Q

Posterior interventricular artery: supplies - of the -

A

posterior surfaces of the left and right ventricles

74
Q

The right coronary artery branches into:

A

Right marginal artery:
Posterior interventricular artery:

75
Q

The left coronary artery branches into

A

. Anterior interventricular artery:
2. Circumflex artery:

76
Q

. Anterior interventricular artery/ A.k.a. left anterior descending artery; supplies- surface of - and most of the

A

anterior surface of both ventricles and most of the interventricular septum

77
Q

Circumflex artery:

A

Supplies the left atrium and ventricle

78
Q

Venous return of blood from the heart wall occurs through three major veins:

A

great, middle, and small cardiac veins

79
Q

The three major cardiac veins drain into the

A

coronary sinus, which drains
into the right atrium

80
Q
  1. Great cardiac vein:
A

Runs alongside anterior interventricular artery

81
Q
  1. Middle cardiac vein:
A

Runs alongside posterior interventricular artery

82
Q
  1. Small cardiac vein:
A

Travels close to the right marginal artery

83
Q

The right and left coronary travel

A

within coronary sulcus

84
Q

stent with ballon angioplasty

A

ballon in artiery to unblock artery (from cholesterol)

85
Q

atria are - to vesicles

A

superior

86
Q

atria are seperated by

A

interatrial septum

87
Q

atria are

A

receiving chambers

88
Q

pecitnate muscles

A

internal ridges

89
Q

auricles

A

extra holding area

90
Q

interventricular septum divides

A

interventricular septum

91
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

internal ridges

92
Q

papillary muscles

A

cone shaped muscles projection anchoring chordae tendinae,
prevent fold in (back flow)

93
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

attach muscle to
atrioventricular valve and prevent
cusps from flipping into atrium when
ventricle contracts

94
Q

r atrium gets blood from

A

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus (side)

95
Q

right AV/ tricuspid valve

A

one way blood flow from r atrium to right ventricle

96
Q

conus ateriosus

A

funnel leading from superior end of right ventricle to pulmonary semilunar valve

97
Q

semilunar/ pulmonary valve

A

one way flow from ventricle to pulm trunk

98
Q

bicuspid/ left ventrcular valve/ mitral

A

controls flo thru opening bn left atrium and ventricle
closes with contractions

99
Q

pumps blood thru sustemic circualtion, generates hi blood pressure

A

left ventricle

100
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

flow from left ventricle to aorta
thick as shit

101
Q

fibrous skeleton

A

connective tissue bn atria and ventricles
eletrical insulator
holds together

102
Q

blood flo thru heart

A

vena cava
r atrium
av valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary trunk
r and l pulm ariteries to lungs
left atrium

103
Q

what cells make up cardiac conduc system

A

noncontractile cells

104
Q

sinoatrial node

A

pacemaker
Right atrium near the superior vena cava

105
Q

atrioventricular node

A

Right atrium near the tricuspid valve and interatrial septum

106
Q

atrioventricular bundle

A

Travels down the interventricular septum

107
Q

Purkinje fibers

A
  • Nerve like processes travel up the lateral ventricular myocardium
108
Q

caridac conduction system

A
  1. SA nodes fires.
  2. Excitation spreads through atrial. myocardium.
  3. AV node fires.
  4. Excitation spreads down AV bundle.
  5. Purkinje fibers distribute excitation
    through ventricular myocardium.
109
Q

regualte rate of heart beat thru

A

autonomic nervous system
vagus nerve and sympathetic cardiac nerve

110
Q

sympathetic cardiac nerve impact on heart rate

A

speed it up (force contraction)

111
Q

vagus nerve impact on heart rate

A

decrease
parasymp

112
Q

EKG

A

measure heart

113
Q

systole

A

contraction
ventriular pumping out

114
Q

diastole

A

relaxation
ventricular filling

115
Q

phases of cardiac cyles

A

atrial contraciton/ vent filling
isovolumetric contraction
ventricualr ejection
isovulum relaxation
atrial relaxation/ vent filling

116
Q

fetal heart diff

A

foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus
^ cuases bypass pulmonary circuit

117
Q

When lungs inflate at birth, their resistance to blood flow

A

decreases

118
Q

Several hours after birth, ductus arteriosus - and becomes

A

closes
ligamentum arteriosum

119
Q

when artiers stiffen with age, the heart must work - to work

A

harder, needs to pump more often

120
Q

fibrous valves become

A

leaky and shit

121
Q

aging heart stuff

A

lower cardiac otuput
firbous leaky cells
irregular rythms
loss of myocytes
weak

122
Q

mitral valve porlapse

A

insufficiency in which one or both
mitral valve cusps bulge into the atrium during ventricular contraction

123
Q

Mitral valve prolapse may cause

A

short breath
pain

124
Q

Valvular stenosis

A

hardening
cusps are stiffened, and opening is
constricted by scar tissue
Heart overworks and may hypertrophy

125
Q

Valvular stenosis is a result of

A

rheumatic fever autoimmune attack on the bicuspid
and aortic valves

126
Q

gap junctions

A

intercalated disc bn adjacent fibers

127
Q

cardiac muscles have

A

hella mitochonria bc it needs a lot of energy

128
Q

simple circulatory rout

A

artery
capillary
vein

129
Q

portal system circulatory

A

two cap beds

130
Q

anastomosis

A

vessel merger without intervening capillary bed

131
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

is the stiffening of vessels that occurs with age

132
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

is the growth of lipid deposits in the arterial walls

133
Q

Orthostatic hypotension

A

is common in elderly
blood vessles failing to constrict when you stand, faint

134
Q

aneurysm

A
  • Bulge in a weakened vessels
  • Susceptible to rupturing
    NIRVANA REFERENCE
135
Q

varicose veins

A
  • Pooling of blood stretches vein
  • Cusps of venous valves are
    stretched
  • Veins become distended
    usally in lower viens
136
Q

saccular aneurysm

A

just one section

137
Q

fusiform aneurysm

A

whole section

anatomy (18 decks)

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