19 Flashcards
1
Q
transport function
A
Move respiratory gases (, ), nutrients, wastes,
hormones, stem cells
2
Q
protection function
A
– Clotting prevents blood loss
– Inflammation, white blood cells, and antibodies fight
toxins and infections
3
Q
regulation function
A
Balancing of fluid levels, pH, and temperature
4
Q
plasma
A
clear, extracellular matrix
5
Q
formed elements
A
cells/ cell fragments
red/white blood cells
platelets
6
Q
buffy coat
A
leukocytes and platelets
7
Q
hematocrit
A
blood cells in blood
8
Q
serum
A
plasma- solids and clots
9
Q
plasma is mostly
A
water
10
Q
proteins in plasma
A
Albumins (transport), Globulins (antibodies), Fibrinogen (blood clot), Enzymes,
11
Q
nutrients in plasma
A
Glucose, amino acids, lactic acid, lipids,
12
Q
electrolytes in plasma
A
Salts of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl
13
Q
nitrogenous waste in plasma
A
urea
14
Q
hormones in plasma
A
gets turned hydrophilic to get carried by blood
15
Q
gases in plasma
A
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
16
Q
red blood cells
A
- Discoid shape
- Lacks nucleus,
mitochondria, other
organelles (because its sole purpose is to carry)
17
Q
red blood cell function
A
carry oxy and carbon diox
18
Q
hemaglobin
A
Quaternary structure with heme
iron containing, gas transport
in RBC
center binds oxygen
19
Q
most common blood type
A
ABO and Rh
20
Q
how blood types arrise
A
-Red blood cell contains antigens
- Plasma contains antibodies
21
Q
Rh factor (+ or -)
A
d antigen
if antigens are present (+) or absent (-)
22
Q
anemia
A
Deficiency of Erythrocytes or Hemoglobin
23
Q
anemia causes
A
– Inadequate synthesis of red blood (Kidney failure, Iron-deficiency)
– Hemorrhagic anemias from bleeding
– Hemolytic anemias from RBC destruction
24
Q
anemia consequences
A
tissue hypoxia, blood osmolarity reduced
blood viscosity is low
25
tissue hypoxia
symptoms
* Patient is lethargic
* Shortness of breath upon exertion
26
low blood viscosity leads to
Heart races and pressure drops
27
sickel cell
hereditary
caused by recessive allele that mods structure of Hb
28
modied Hb leads to
– HbS does not bind oxygen well
– Clump together
– Can lead to kidney or heart
failure, stroke, joint pain, or paralysis
29
white blood cells
* Protect against pathogens
* Least abundant of the formed elements
* Migrate out of the bloodstream and into
connective tissues
30
Agranulocytes
– Lymphocytes and monocytes
31
* Granulocytes
– Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
32
neutrophils
granulocytes
make up 60%-70% of WBC
multi lobes nucleus
phagocytes bacteria, secrete antimicrobial chemicals
increases count during infection
33
eosinophils
Granulocytes 4-5%
bi lobes
increase is parasitic infection
phagocytize allergens, antigen antibody complexes, inflammatory chemicals
34
basophils
granulocytes
irregulary shaped
stable count, up during viral infection
secrete histamine (increase blood flow) heparin (anticoagulant)
35
monocyte
arganulocytes
3-8% of wBC
kindey, horseshoe shapped
increase when viral infection (will change into macrophage)
phagocyte pathogens, dead neutrophils, debris of dead cells
present antigen to activate other cells of immune system
36
lymphocytes
agranulocutes 35-33%
round, ovioid, dimples
b and t cells, the guys
made in bone marrow
37
lymphocytes functions
diffl functional classes
* Destroy cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells
* Present antigens to activate other cells of immune system
* Coordinate actions of other immune cells
* Secrete antibodies
* Serve in immune memory
38
Platelets
-small fragments of megakaryocytes
-aid in blood clotting
-no nucleus
39
other platets funcitons
clots
Vasoconstriction,
clot dissolving,
WBC attraction (from like a cut),
destruction of bacteria, mitosis for
healing
40
Thrombopoiesis
formation of hematopeitic stem cells from megakaryoblast
41
Megakaryocytes sprout-
proplatelet tendrils in red
marrow, too big to fit into cells
get smaller due to mechanical stress
42
Many proplatelets are broken into - within -
platelets
lung capillaries
43
Hemophilia
-Bleeding disorder
– Sex-linked – predominately in males
– Lacks one factors in coagulation
44
* Thrombosis
– Abnormal clotting in an unbroken blood vessel
can cause heart attack or stroke
45
* Thrombus
abnormal clot
can cause stroke or heart attack
46
* Embolism
– Blockage of an artery by a broken off clot and travels somewhere else
47
– Pulmonary Embolism –
From deep vein thrombosis in the leg, gets lodged in the lungs
bad gas exhange
48
* Embolus
– Clot that has broken free
49
why do old people not respond to hemopoeitic system stress
– Inadequate nutrition
– Inadequate exercise
– Atrophy of the kidneys
– Limited number of cell divisions of stem cells
50
pulmonary circuit
– Blood flows from right heart to lungs
– Gas exchange in lungs
51
systemic circuit
– Blood flows from left heart to all body
organs
– Gas exchange in organs
52
how is oxygen unloaded from blood
gas exchange in organs
53
pericardium function
Restricts heart movements so that it moves only slightly within the thorax
stop spread of infections
54
pericardium layers
fibrous
serous
55
fibrous pericardium
tough outer sac
56
serous pericardium
epicardium made of parietal and visceral layers
touches heart
57
pericardial cavity
thin space between
layers containing serous fluid
58
epicardium heart wall
top layer
Visceral layer of
serous pericardium
areolar
connective tissue
59
myocardium of heart
cardiac muscle
thickest
mid layer
60
endocardium of heart
internal surface of heart chamber
makes wall of chambers
thin
61
endocardium cells are what
simple squamous
epithelium and areolar connective
tissue
62
why do cardiac muscles contract as one
all connected with gap junctions (pores n stuff) (interclated disk)
63
auricles of heart
anterior part of atrium
64
right atrium feeds into
right ventricle to pulmonary trunk for pulmonary circulation
65
left atrium feeds into
aorta for systemic circulation
66
coronary sulcus
groove separating atria and ventricles
67
Anterior interventricular sulcus and posterior interventricular
sulcus are located
between the right and left ventricles
68
coronary circulation supplies
the myocardium with blood
69
coronary circulation blockage may lead to
heart attack/ myocardial infarction
death of heart tissue
70
The right and left coronary arteries travel
within coronary sulcus
71
The right and left coronary arteries supply
heart wall with oxygen and nutrients
72
Right marginal artery: Supplies
the right border of the heart
73
Posterior interventricular artery: supplies - of the -
posterior surfaces of the left and right ventricles
74
The right coronary artery branches into:
Right marginal artery:
Posterior interventricular artery:
75
The left coronary artery branches into
. Anterior interventricular artery:
2. Circumflex artery:
76
. Anterior interventricular artery/ A.k.a. left anterior descending artery; supplies- surface of - and most of the
anterior surface of both ventricles and most of the interventricular septum
77
Circumflex artery:
Supplies the left atrium and ventricle
78
Venous return of blood from the heart wall occurs through three major veins:
great, middle, and small cardiac veins
79
The three major cardiac veins drain into the
coronary sinus, which drains
into the right atrium
80
1. Great cardiac vein:
Runs alongside anterior interventricular artery
81
2. Middle cardiac vein:
Runs alongside posterior interventricular artery
82
3. Small cardiac vein:
Travels close to the right marginal artery
83
The right and left coronary travel
within coronary sulcus
84
stent with ballon angioplasty
ballon in artiery to unblock artery (from cholesterol)
85
atria are - to vesicles
superior
86
atria are seperated by
interatrial septum
87
atria are
receiving chambers
88
pecitnate muscles
internal ridges
89
auricles
extra holding area
90
interventricular septum divides
interventricular septum
91
trabeculae carneae
internal ridges
92
papillary muscles
cone shaped muscles projection anchoring chordae tendinae,
prevent fold in (back flow)
93
Chordae tendineae
attach muscle to
atrioventricular valve and prevent
cusps from flipping into atrium when
ventricle contracts
94
r atrium gets blood from
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus (side)
95
right AV/ tricuspid valve
one way blood flow from r atrium to right ventricle
96
conus ateriosus
funnel leading from superior end of right ventricle to pulmonary semilunar valve
97
semilunar/ pulmonary valve
one way flow from ventricle to pulm trunk
98
bicuspid/ left ventrcular valve/ mitral
controls flo thru opening bn left atrium and ventricle
closes with contractions
99
pumps blood thru sustemic circualtion, generates hi blood pressure
left ventricle
100
aortic semilunar valve
flow from left ventricle to aorta
thick as shit
101
fibrous skeleton
connective tissue bn atria and ventricles
eletrical insulator
holds together
102
blood flo thru heart
vena cava
r atrium
av valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary trunk
r and l pulm ariteries to lungs
left atrium
103
what cells make up cardiac conduc system
noncontractile cells
104
sinoatrial node
pacemaker
Right atrium near the superior vena cava
105
atrioventricular node
Right atrium near the tricuspid valve and interatrial septum
106
atrioventricular bundle
Travels down the interventricular septum
107
Purkinje fibers
* Nerve like processes travel up the lateral ventricular myocardium
108
caridac conduction system
1. SA nodes fires.
2. Excitation spreads through atrial. myocardium.
3. AV node fires.
4. Excitation spreads down AV bundle.
5. Purkinje fibers distribute excitation
through ventricular myocardium.
109
regualte rate of heart beat thru
autonomic nervous system
vagus nerve and sympathetic cardiac nerve
110
sympathetic cardiac nerve impact on heart rate
speed it up (force contraction)
111
vagus nerve impact on heart rate
decrease
parasymp
112
EKG
measure heart
113
systole
contraction
ventriular pumping out
114
diastole
relaxation
ventricular filling
115
phases of cardiac cyles
atrial contraciton/ vent filling
isovolumetric contraction
ventricualr ejection
isovulum relaxation
atrial relaxation/ vent filling
116
fetal heart diff
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus
^ cuases bypass pulmonary circuit
117
When lungs inflate at birth, their resistance to blood flow
decreases
118
Several hours after birth, ductus arteriosus - and becomes
closes
ligamentum arteriosum
119
when artiers stiffen with age, the heart must work - to work
harder, needs to pump more often
120
fibrous valves become
leaky and shit
121
aging heart stuff
lower cardiac otuput
firbous leaky cells
irregular rythms
loss of myocytes
weak
122
mitral valve porlapse
insufficiency in which one or both
mitral valve cusps bulge into the atrium during ventricular contraction
123
Mitral valve prolapse may cause
short breath
pain
124
Valvular stenosis
hardening
cusps are stiffened, and opening is
constricted by scar tissue
Heart overworks and may hypertrophy
125
Valvular stenosis is a result of
rheumatic fever autoimmune attack on the bicuspid
and aortic valves
126
gap junctions
intercalated disc bn adjacent fibers
127
cardiac muscles have
hella mitochonria bc it needs a lot of energy
128
simple circulatory rout
artery
capillary
vein
129
portal system circulatory
two cap beds
130
anastomosis
vessel merger without intervening capillary bed
131
Arteriosclerosis
is the stiffening of vessels that occurs with age
132
Atherosclerosis
is the growth of lipid deposits in the arterial walls
133
Orthostatic hypotension
is common in elderly
blood vessles failing to constrict when you stand, faint
134
aneurysm
* Bulge in a weakened vessels
* Susceptible to rupturing
NIRVANA REFERENCE
135
varicose veins
* Pooling of blood stretches vein
* Cusps of venous valves are
stretched
* Veins become distended
usally in lower viens
136
saccular aneurysm
just one section
137
fusiform aneurysm
whole section
