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17 Flashcards

1
Q

types of stimuli

A

temp, light, chem (specific), pain (nociceptor),
pressure (mechanoreceptors)

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2
Q

general senses distribution

A

wide (for like pain and shit)

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3
Q

special senses involve

A

cranial nerves (light sight and taste)

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4
Q

exeroceptors

A

outside body stimulus

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5
Q

interoceptors

A

stimulus from organs within the body

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6
Q

proprioceptros

A

stimulus regarding position of the body

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7
Q

free nerve ending (where and function)

A

widespread
for pain heat and cold
unencap

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8
Q

tactile disc (where and function)

A

stratum basale of epidermis

light touch, pressure
unencap

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9
Q

hair receptors (where and what purpose)

A

hair follicle

light touch
unencapsulated

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10
Q

tactile corpuscles where and why

A

Encapsulate
fingertips, palms, nipples, genetals

light touch, texture

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11
Q

end bulb where and why

A

mucous membrane
texture, light touch
encap

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12
Q

bulbous corp

A

dermis, subcutaneous tissue, joint

heavy pressure/ joint movement
encap

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13
Q

lamellar corpus

A

dermis, joint capsules, breast, genitals

deep pressure, stretch, tickle, vibration
encap

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14
Q

muscles spindles

A

skeletal muscles near tendon
tension in muscles
encap

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15
Q

tendon organs

A

tends
detect stretch, tension
encap

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16
Q

receptive field

A

area supplied by single neuron (size varies)

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17
Q

more neurons will populate

A

areas that are more likely to be stimulated more

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18
Q

referred pain

A

Pain the viscera mistakenly thought to come from more superficial sites
ex heart attack arm pain

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19
Q

pain

A

noreceptors
modulate by midbrain

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20
Q

filiform

A

tounge bump
numerous, tiny spikes,
no buds

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21
Q

Foliate

A

tongue bump
ridges on tongue sides, buds in children
most frequent

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22
Q

Fungiform

A

tongue bump
mushroom shaped bumps, have buds, bigger

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23
Q

Vallate

A

tongue bumps
large bumps in a row (v) at the back of the tongue, have buds

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24
Q

taste buds

A

in vallate papillae
tongue has most, but soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis and cheeks have em

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25
taste cells (in bud)
molecule will enter pore and interact with taste hair (have chemoreceptors) to taste
26
taste cells how does it send taste
will synapse with sensory nerve to send signals
27
cranial nerves in gustatory pathway
– Facial (CN VII): anterior tongue – Glossopharyngeal (CN IX): posterior tongue – Vagus (CN X): palate, pharynx, epiglottis
28
gustory order pathway
1st order in mouth to spine 2nd medulla to thalamus 3rd synpase in medulla o to taste region
29
olfactory mucosa loction
roof of nasal cavity (10-20 million) binds to molecules to smell
30
olfactory neurons
hairs bind with sites for order molecules deliver to olfactory nerve (cn 1)
31
Olfactory bulbs
– swollen tips of olfactory tracts at base of frontal lobes
32
only sense that doesn't go thru thalamus
olfactory
33
olfactory secondary areas
insula, orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, (emo) hypothalamus
34
outer ear/ auricle/ pinna
has auditory guard hairs and cerumen (wax) to funnel sounds to tympanic mem
35
outer ear parts
* Helix * Lobule * Tragus
36
Middle Ear parts
– Tympanic membrane – Tympanic cavity – Auditory (eustachian) tube – Auditory ossicles: – Oval window – Muscles: stapedius, tensor tympani
37
– Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
vibrates
38
– Auditory ossicles:
malleus, incus, stapes vibrate to sound
39
middle ear muscles and function
stapedius, tensor tympani contract to prevent ear damage
40
Oval window
idk vibrates
41
auditory tube
maintains pressure in ear
42
otitis media (ear infection)
Respiratory infections spread from throat to tympanic cavity easier when youre a baby bc mucus travels betta usally viral
43
Tympanostomy—
* Tympano = eardrum * ostomy = making an opening
44
bony labyrinth
maze in temporal bone
45
Membranous labyrinth
– tube within maze
46
* Endolymph
– fluid in membranous labyrinth
47
* Perilymph
– fluid between membranous labyrinth and bone
48
vestibule
49
chochlea
snail shapped organ of hearing
50
scala media (cochlear duct)
middle layer of filled with endolymph transmit sound
51
* Scala tympani sperated by
thicker basilar membrane
52
endolymph stimulates
hair with sound vibrations for hearing ?
53
vestibular membrane sperates
Scala vestibuli
54
Scala vestibuli
superior starts oval window, runs to end/ apex filled with perilymph helps spread waves for hearing
55
Scala tympani:
inferior chamber filled with perilymph starts at apex, ends at round window
56
Secondary tympanic membrane:
covers round window
57
hair cells in cochlear duct line
basal membrane
58
organ of corti
acoustic organ that converts vibrations into nerve impulses, has hairs
59
how hearing works
-air in tympanic membrane vibrates -tympanic membrane vibrates ossicles -ossicles push again oval window, vibrates fluid in inner ear -bends sterocilia, opens ion channels
60
– Hair cells near base of cochlea respond to
high pitches (more outer)
61
– Hair cells near apex of cochlea respond to
low pitches (more inner)
62
saccule
hella hair, macula vertical static equilibrium
63
utricle
hella hair, macula Horizontal equilib while walking and shit
64
auditory pathway in brain
-stimulus to cochlear nerve -nerve to cochlear nucleus -nucleus to superior olivary nucleus -olivary to inferior colliculus -inferior to thalamus -thalamus to prime auditory cortex (temp lobe)
65
what detects angular accel
three semicircular canals with ampulla with crista ampullaris anterior, posterior, lateral
66
Utricle and saccule detect
static equilibrium and linear acceleration
67
Each hair cell of a macula has a
kinocilium embedded in the otolithic membrane
68
crista ampullaris
cap for hair? when pushed, stimulate hair cells
69
Hair cells project into
gelatinous cupula
70
eyelid/ palpebrae
to keep shit out and moist and clean
71
Palpebral fissure
space when you open eyes
72
Medial/lateral commissures (canthi)
corners of eyes
73
Tarsal plate
idk eye lid, closes that hoe
74
conjunctiva
Transparent mucous membrane on eye to keep it moist n stuff and stuff out
75
lacrimal gland
makes tears, flows to punctum
76
lacrimal sac
drains tears
77
nasolacrimal duct
tears form eye to nose
78
CN involved in eye movement
cranial nerves III, IV, and VI
79
Fibrous tunic
-Sclera – white- front -Cornea – transparent, anterior
80
Vascular tunic (uvea)
- Choroid - Ciliary body - Iris
81
Ciliary body
– ring of smooth muscle around lens thinkess and attached to the lens
82
Choroid
– pigmented layer behind retina supply blood
83
-Retina
lines posterior two-thirds of eye photo receptors
84
Iris
– pigmented diaphragm controlling pupil, muscle
85
aqueous humor
pushes lens into iris
86
sphincter pupillae
controls size of pupil
87
Aqueous humor Posterior chamber
from lens to iris, jelly
88
Aqueous humor Anterior chamber
rom iris to cornea, fluid
89
Scleral venous sinus
nutrients, made by cillary body, smth about venus circulation
90
Cillary body connect to lens thru
Suspensory ligament
91
cataract
casued by changes in the protein in the eye clouding of lens
92
retina
ora serrata anterior margin
93
optic nerve exits at the
retnia (optic disc) (blind spot)
94
macula lutea
central path for detailed vision
95
fovea centralis
pit within macula
96
macular dengeneration
death of receptor cells in the macula lutea (wet- leaking fluid dry- breakdown of cell) dot in vision
97
for distant vision, lens is
flat
98
near vision, lens is
thick
99
visual defects often involve
image formation
100
hyperopia
convex lens far sight
101
myopia
concave lens near sight
102
lasik
changed shape of cornea with lazer
103
rods
hight vision monochromatic greyscale rhodospin- pigment
104
cones
day vision, trichromatic (photospins)three different pigments used
105
cones mutation
color blindness
106
bipolar cells
interneruons gets output (1st order neruone) from rods and cones
107
ganglion cells
gets input from bipoalr cells axons from optic nerve
108
hemidecussation
half of nerves stay, other half decussate (at chiasm)
109
what makes up optic nevre, optic tract, optic chiasm
ganglion cells
110
lat geniculate nucleus of thalamus axons-
form optic radiations

anatomy (22 decks)

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