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anatomy > 17 > Flashcards

17 Flashcards

1
Q

types of stimuli

A

temp, light, chem (specific), pain (nociceptor),
pressure (mechanoreceptors)

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2
Q

general senses distribution

A

wide (for like pain and shit)

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3
Q

special senses involve

A

cranial nerves (light sight and taste)

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4
Q

exeroceptors

A

outside body stimulus

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5
Q

interoceptors

A

stimulus from organs within the body

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6
Q

proprioceptros

A

stimulus regarding position of the body

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7
Q

free nerve ending (where and function)

A

widespread
for pain heat and cold
unencap

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8
Q

tactile disc (where and function)

A

stratum basale of epidermis

light touch, pressure
unencap

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9
Q

hair receptors (where and what purpose)

A

hair follicle

light touch
unencapsulated

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10
Q

tactile corpuscles where and why

A

Encapsulate
fingertips, palms, nipples, genetals

light touch, texture

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11
Q

end bulb where and why

A

mucous membrane
texture, light touch
encap

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12
Q

bulbous corp

A

dermis, subcutaneous tissue, joint

heavy pressure/ joint movement
encap

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13
Q

lamellar corpus

A

dermis, joint capsules, breast, genitals

deep pressure, stretch, tickle, vibration
encap

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14
Q

muscles spindles

A

skeletal muscles near tendon
tension in muscles
encap

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15
Q

tendon organs

A

tends
detect stretch, tension
encap

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16
Q

receptive field

A

area supplied by single neuron (size varies)

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17
Q

more neurons will populate

A

areas that are more likely to be stimulated more

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18
Q

referred pain

A

Pain the viscera mistakenly thought to come from more superficial sites
ex heart attack arm pain

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19
Q

pain

A

noreceptors
modulate by midbrain

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20
Q

filiform

A

tounge bump
numerous, tiny spikes,
no buds

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21
Q

Foliate

A

tongue bump
ridges on tongue sides, buds in children
most frequent

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22
Q

Fungiform

A

tongue bump
mushroom shaped bumps, have buds, bigger

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23
Q

Vallate

A

tongue bumps
large bumps in a row (v) at the back of the tongue, have buds

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24
Q

taste buds

A

in vallate papillae
tongue has most, but soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis and cheeks have em

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25
Q

taste cells (in bud)

A

molecule will enter pore and interact with taste hair (have chemoreceptors) to taste

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26
Q

taste cells how does it send taste

A

will synapse with sensory nerve to send signals

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27
Q

cranial nerves in gustatory pathway

A

– Facial (CN VII): anterior
tongue
– Glossopharyngeal (CN IX):
posterior tongue
– Vagus (CN X): palate,
pharynx, epiglottis

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28
Q

gustory order pathway

A

1st order in mouth to spine
2nd medulla to thalamus
3rd synpase in medulla o to taste region

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29
Q

olfactory mucosa loction

A

roof of nasal cavity (10-20 million)
binds to molecules to smell

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30
Q

olfactory neurons

A

hairs bind with sites for order molecules
deliver to olfactory nerve (cn 1)

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31
Q

Olfactory bulbs

A

– swollen tips of
olfactory tracts at base of frontal
lobes

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32
Q

only sense that doesn’t go thru thalamus

A

olfactory

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33
Q

olfactory secondary areas

A

insula,
orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus,
amygdala, (emo)
hypothalamus

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34
Q

outer ear/ auricle/ pinna

A

has auditory guard hairs and cerumen (wax)
to funnel sounds to tympanic mem

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35
Q

outer ear parts

A
  • Helix
  • Lobule
  • Tragus
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36
Q

Middle Ear parts

A

– Tympanic membrane
– Tympanic cavity
– Auditory (eustachian) tube
– Auditory ossicles:
– Oval window
– Muscles: stapedius, tensor tympani

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37
Q

– Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

A

vibrates

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38
Q

– Auditory ossicles:

A

malleus, incus, stapes
vibrate to sound

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39
Q

middle ear muscles and function

A

stapedius, tensor tympani
contract to prevent ear damage

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40
Q

Oval window

A

idk vibrates

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41
Q

auditory tube

A

maintains pressure in ear

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42
Q

otitis media (ear infection)

A

Respiratory infections spread from throat to tympanic cavity
easier when youre a baby bc mucus travels betta
usally viral

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43
Q

Tympanostomy—

A
  • Tympano = eardrum
  • ostomy = making an opening
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44
Q

bony labyrinth

A

maze in temporal bone

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45
Q

Membranous labyrinth

A

– tube within maze

46
Q
  • Endolymph
A

– fluid in membranous
labyrinth

47
Q
  • Perilymph
A

– fluid between membranous
labyrinth and bone

48
Q

vestibule

A
49
Q

chochlea

A

snail shapped organ of hearing

50
Q

scala media (cochlear duct)

A

middle layer of filled with endolymph
transmit sound

51
Q
  • Scala tympani sperated by
A

thicker basilar membrane

52
Q

endolymph stimulates

A

hair with sound vibrations for hearing ?

53
Q

vestibular membrane sperates

A

Scala vestibuli

54
Q

Scala vestibuli

A

superior
starts oval window, runs to end/ apex
filled with perilymph
helps spread waves for hearing

55
Q

Scala tympani:

A

inferior chamber
filled with perilymph
starts at apex, ends at round window

56
Q

Secondary tympanic
membrane:

A

covers round window

57
Q

hair cells in cochlear duct line

A

basal membrane

58
Q

organ of corti

A

acoustic organ that converts
vibrations into nerve impulses, has hairs

59
Q

how hearing works

A

-air in tympanic membrane vibrates
-tympanic membrane vibrates ossicles
-ossicles push again oval window, vibrates fluid in inner ear
-bends sterocilia, opens ion channels

60
Q

– Hair cells near base of cochlea respond to

A

high pitches (more outer)

61
Q

– Hair cells near apex of cochlea respond to

A

low pitches (more inner)

62
Q

saccule

A

hella hair, macula
vertical
static equilibrium

63
Q

utricle

A

hella hair, macula
Horizontal
equilib while walking and shit

64
Q

auditory pathway in brain

A

-stimulus to cochlear nerve
-nerve to cochlear nucleus
-nucleus to superior olivary nucleus
-olivary to inferior colliculus
-inferior to thalamus
-thalamus to prime auditory cortex (temp lobe)

65
Q

what detects angular accel

A

three semicircular canals with ampulla with crista ampullaris
anterior, posterior, lateral

66
Q

Utricle and saccule detect

A

static equilibrium and linear acceleration

67
Q

Each hair cell of a macula has a

A

kinocilium embedded in the otolithic membrane

68
Q

crista ampullaris

A

cap for hair? when pushed, stimulate hair cells

69
Q

Hair cells project into

A

gelatinous cupula

70
Q

eyelid/ palpebrae

A

to keep shit out and moist and clean

71
Q

Palpebral fissure

A

space when you open eyes

72
Q

Medial/lateral commissures (canthi)

A

corners of eyes

73
Q

Tarsal plate

A

idk eye lid, closes that hoe

74
Q

conjunctiva

A

Transparent mucous membrane on eye to keep it moist n stuff and stuff out

75
Q

lacrimal gland

A

makes tears, flows to punctum

76
Q

lacrimal sac

A

drains tears

77
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

tears form eye to nose

78
Q

CN involved in eye movement

A

cranial nerves III, IV, and VI

79
Q

Fibrous tunic

A

-Sclera – white- front
-Cornea – transparent, anterior

80
Q

Vascular tunic (uvea)

A
  • Choroid
  • Ciliary body
  • Iris
81
Q

Ciliary body

A

– ring of smooth muscle around lens
thinkess and attached to the lens

82
Q

Choroid

A

– pigmented layer behind retina
supply blood

83
Q

-Retina

A

lines posterior two-thirds of eye
photo receptors

84
Q

Iris

A

– pigmented diaphragm controlling pupil, muscle

85
Q

aqueous humor

A

pushes lens into iris

86
Q

sphincter pupillae

A

controls size of pupil

87
Q

Aqueous humor Posterior chamber

A

from lens to iris, jelly

88
Q

Aqueous humor Anterior chamber

A

rom iris to cornea, fluid

89
Q

Scleral venous sinus

A

nutrients,
made by cillary body,
smth about venus circulation

90
Q

Cillary body connect to lens thru

A

Suspensory ligament

91
Q

cataract

A

casued by changes in the protein in the eye
clouding of lens

92
Q

retina

A

ora serrata anterior margin

93
Q

optic nerve exits at the

A

retnia (optic disc) (blind spot)

94
Q

macula lutea

A

central path for detailed vision

95
Q

fovea centralis

A

pit within macula

96
Q

macular dengeneration

A

death of receptor cells in the macula lutea
(wet- leaking fluid
dry- breakdown of cell)
dot in vision

97
Q

for distant vision, lens is

A

flat

98
Q

near vision, lens is

A

thick

99
Q

visual defects often involve

A

image formation

100
Q

hyperopia

A

convex lens
far sight

101
Q

myopia

A

concave lens
near sight

102
Q

lasik

A

changed shape of cornea with lazer

103
Q

rods

A

hight vision monochromatic
greyscale
rhodospin- pigment

104
Q

cones

A

day vision, trichromatic
(photospins)three different pigments used

105
Q

cones mutation

A

color blindness

106
Q

bipolar cells

A

interneruons gets output (1st order neruone) from rods and cones

107
Q

ganglion cells

A

gets input from bipoalr cells
axons from optic nerve

108
Q

hemidecussation

A

half of nerves stay, other half decussate (at chiasm)

109
Q

what makes up optic nevre, optic tract, optic chiasm

A

ganglion cells

110
Q

lat geniculate nucleus of thalamus axons-

A

form optic radiations

anatomy (22 decks)

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