23 Flashcards by Isabella Vannavong

Functions of Respiratory System

gas exchange, speech, smell, ph control, BP regulation, pressure gradients for lymph and blood, shitting

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angiotensin

helps regulate BP

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conducting division

carrying air- nose to bronchles
passages for air flow
(without exchange of
gases)

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Respiratory division –

aveoli
gas exchange areas

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Lower respiratory tract

Trachea through lungs
more severe

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Upper respiratory tract

Nose through larynx

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nose function

Warms, humidifies, and cleanses air;
detects odors; resonates voice

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nose shaped by

Externally shaped by nasal bones
and alar and lateral cartilages

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nasal cavity divided into and separated by

right and left
nasal septum

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Nasal septum

– Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
– Vomer
– Septal cartilage

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Anterior opening

– External nares – nostrils

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Posterior opening

– Posterior nasal apertures - Choana
into nasopharynx

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Vestibule

chamber just inside nostril

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nose hairs

– Guard hairs, vibrissae
keep shit out

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nasal conchae

superior, middle, inferior
on lat walls

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meatuses

superior, middle, inferior
narrow passages
helps warm

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respiratory epithelia

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
epithelium with goblet cells

olfactory

Erectile tissue

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nasopharynx

behind choanae/ soft palate to
has:
tonsil, auditory tube

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oropharynx

behind soft palate to epiglottis

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nasopharynx epithelium

Pseudostratified epithelium with goo

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oropharynx epithilium

Stratified squamous epithelium

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laryngopharynx epithelium

Stratified squamous epithelium

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laryngopharynx

From superior tip of epiglottis to
esophagus

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larynx

4 cm long
cartilage
Keeps food and drink out of
the airways

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epiglottis

elastic cartilage pulls larynx up while the tongue pushes down while swallowing

vestibular folds

Close during swallowing

larynx helps with

speech/ phonation bc it as the vocal folds

vocal folds/ chords

– Inferior to vestib folds – Contain the vocal ligaments – Produce sound

glottis

– Opening between vocal folds

the further the vocal chords, the - the voice

deeper

tracheal wall/ inner lining cell types present

* Respiratory epithelium * Basal stem cells

trachea

wind pipe 12 cm long on average anterior to esophagus

tracheal cartilage

c shapped

trachealis

smooth muscle on posterior will give a little wiggle room when you choke n shitt

Carina

internal median ridge on lowest tracheal cartilage will split here if shit on here, will caugh

tracheal wall mucociliary escalator

the hairs will beat mucous towards shit in trachea to make sure it no stick

Adventitia layer in tracheal wall

outermost connects trachea to neighboring organs

lobular bronchi (2nd)

3 on right, 2 on left

right bronchi

more verticle, wider than left

segmental bronchi (3)

10 on right 8 on left

Bronchioles

1 mm or less in diameter splits into over 50 terminal bronchioles

Terminal bronchioles

Final branches of conducting zone

Respiratory bronchioles

Have alveoli (where gas exchange is)

Alveolar ducts

Elongated in alveoli

Alveolar sac

– Cluster around atrium

Cardiac impression/ notch

notch on left lung to accommodate the heart

mediastinal surface of the lungs

inner surface

costal surface of lung

the smooth, convex outer surface of the lung that's in contact with the rib cage

hilum of mediastinal surface

slit

right lobes

superior middle inferior

horizontal fissure

Between superior and middle lobe of right lung

Oblique fissures

slanted fissure in both lungs

Squamous (type I) /alveolar/ palmer cells

simple squamous thin and spread out 95% of surface area help with gas exchange

Great (type II) alveolar cells

– 5% of surface area – most numerous – make surfactant – Repair alveolar epithelium

surfactant is

(phospholipids and protein) disrupt h bonding

Alveolar macrophages

will target dust cells and other small shits

respiratory membrane layers

squamous alveolar basement membrane capillary endothelial cells

air pathway from nose

nasopharynx oropharynx larynopharynx larynx trachea bronchi bronchioles aveoli

Visceral pleura

On lung surface

Parietal pleura

On inner surface of rib cage

Pleural cavity

-between visceral and parietal pleurae -Contains pleural fluid -reduced friction

how pleural cavity creates pressure gradient

Attaches lung to thorax wall so thorax movements change lung pressure

pleural cavity role in infection

prevents spread to or from nearby organs

diaphragm

Prime mover of pulmonary ventilation Relaxes for expiration

diaphragm for inspiration

Contraction pulls it down and enlarges thoracic cavity for inspiration

External intercostal mm

Elevate the ribs in respiration

Internal intercostal mm

– Depresses the ribs (passive) – Helps elevate the ribs (intercartilaginous part)

Respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata

ventral (anterior) dorsal (posterior)

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

primary respiratory pacemaker

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

– signals VRG to modify breathing

Respiratory centers of the pons

– Pontine Respiratory Group

aging resp system

ventilation down (lose elastic) less alveoli more infections obstructive pulmonary disease more

emphysema

destruction of alveolar tissue need to work harder overall

COVID 19 first sign radiographic features

Ground Glass Opacities

COVID 19 second sign radiographic features

Solid consolidation –bc fluid accumulation Can be paired with ground glass opacities

COVID 19 severe sign radiographic features

– Crazy paving pattern – Interlobular septal thickening – Over opacities