ICVA - Cardio Trouble Cards

Question 1

List the etiologies of bovine pericarditis:

Answer 1

1. Trauma
2. Hematogenous spread
3. Hardware disease
4. Bovine lymphsarcoma

Question 2

What medication is used to tx bovine pericarditis?

Answer 2

Diuretics
Long-term AB
+/- repeated pericardial drainage

Question 3

What medication is used to tx bovine bacterial endocarditis?

Answer 3

Steroids, diuretics, long-term AB, restricted sodium, Digoxin

Question 4

What is the mechanism of action of digoxin?

Answer 4

Digoxin on calcium channels in myocardial cells and increases cellular calcium, which increases the contractile force of the heart, thereby decreasing the heart rate.

When see Digoxin think DIGGING UP BONES!!

Question 5

What medication can be used used to treat brisket disease in bovid species?

Answer 5

Digoxin and diuretics

Question 6

What is seen on an EKG of a horse with ventricular premature contractions?

Answer 6

1. Shortened QRS interval
2. Abnormal QRS wave not preceded by a P-wave; compensatory pause after this.

Question 7

Answer the following in regards to Ionophore toxicity and horses:
1. Clinical signs
2. Diagnostics
3. Treatment

Answer 7

1. Clinical signs: clinical science typically developed within 24 hours of ingestion. You will see tachycardia, sweating, reluctance to move and turn, tremors. There’s a high risk of heart failure.
2. Diagnostics: elevated CK, AST, azotemia, myoglobinuria,
3. Treatment: Decontamination, IVF, quinidine

Question 8

What is the treatment for sinus tachycardia?

Answer 8

Beta blockers - atenolol, esmolol

Question 9

What type of murmur is aortic regurgitation classified as?

Answer 9

Heard over left hemithorax

HoloDIASTOLIC, musical, decrescendo murmur

Question 10

What type of murmur is tricuspid regurgitation classified as?

Answer 10

Heard over right hemithorax

HoloSYSTOLIC, harsh, band-shaped murmur

Question 11

List the four classes of anti-rhythmic drugs, their mechanisms of action an examples of each.

Answer 11

Question 12

What medications are used to treat the following in SA’s:
1. A-fib
2. VPCs
3. Vtach

Answer 12

1. A-fib: Diltiazem, digoxin
2. VPCs: Sotalol, Mexilitine (oral lidocaine analogue)
3. Vtach: Lidocaine in emergency situation; sotalol and mexilitine long term

Question 13

What is the difference between Mobitz Type I and Mobitz Type II

Answer 13

Question 14

What can you expect to see on radiographs of a canine patient with dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 14

Cardiomegaly (mainly left sided though), variable venous, dilation, pulmonary edema, backslash, perihilar infiltrate if decompensated.

Question 15

How would you medically treat a canine patient with DCM?

Answer 15

Prior to the onset of congestive heart failure, you would prescribe, an ace, inhibitor, and an anti-rhythmic such as sotalol or mexiletine.

Question 16

Describe what you see on an xray of a dog with PDA

Answer 16

Ductus bulge
LA and LV enlargement
Distinct PA and ascending aorta

Question 17

What type of murmur affecting canines is a “washing machine murmur?”

Answer 17

PDA - continuous left base murmur

Question 18

Which murmur affecting canids is a systolic left based murmur that may be auscultable at the thoracic inlet?

Answer 18

Subaortic stenosis

Question 19

What is the difference between ASD vs VSD?

Answer 19

ASD - no murmur, dilated PA, right ventricular dilation
VSD - possible right systolic murmur, dilated PA, left atrial and ventricular dilation

Question 20

What changes do you see on x-ray in canine patients with congestive heart failure?

Answer 20

Cardiomegaly, dilated pulmonary vasculature, and interstitial to alveolar pulmonary pattern in the lung fields

Question 21

List the criteria for Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 21

Question 22

What pulmonary pattern is seen in dogs with CHF?

Answer 22

interstitial to alveolar in the caudodorsal lung lobes

Question 23

List, the etiologies of of pulmonary hypertension:

Answer 23

1. Heartworm disease
2. Chronic hypoxia due to a right to left cardiovascular shunt or chronic respiratory disease
3. Mitral regurgitation causing chronic increase in left heart pressure.

Question 24

Describe a classic case of pulmonary hypertension in a dog

Answer 24

Question 25

What clinical signs do you see in canids with pericardial effusion?

Answer 25

Acute onset of weakness/collapse, descended abdomen, exercise intolerance, muffled heart sounds, tachycardia, weak, femoral, pulses, pulses, paradoxus, pale mucous membranes

Question 26

What dog breeds suffer from idiopathic pericardial effusion?

Answer 26

Golden retriever and labrador retrievers

Question 27

Describe a classic case of pericardial effusion in a dog

Answer 27

Question 28

Describe a classic case of myxomatous mitral valve regurgitation

Answer 28

Question 29

How does medical management differ between dilated cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, and mitral valve degeneration?

Answer 29

DCM: Pimo, ACE; Furo for after CHF

CHF: Pimo, Furo; ACE for chronic

MMVD: Pimo, ACE; Furo for ater CHF

Question 30

Describe a classic case of canine endocarditis

Answer 30