ICVA - Cardio Trouble Cards

Question 1

List the etiologies of bovine pericarditis:

Answer 1

1. Trauma
2. Hematogenous spread
3. Hardware disease
4. Bovine lymphsarcoma

Question 2

What do you see on BW in a bovid patient suffering from pericarditis? ECG?

Answer 2

Hyperfibrinogenemia, Hyperglobulinemia, elevated CPK, AST, LDH

Decreased amplitude of QRS waves

Question 3

What medication is used to tx bovine pericarditis?

Answer 3

Diuretics
Long-term AB
+/- repeated pericardial drainage

Question 4

What medication is used to tx bovine bacterial endocarditis?

Answer 4

Steroids, diuretics, long-term AB, restricted sodium, Digoxin

Question 5

What is the mechanism of action of digoxin?

Answer 5

Digoxin on calcium channels in myocardial cells and increases cellular calcium, which increases the contractile force of the heart, thereby decreasing the heart rate.

Question 6

What medication can be used used to treat brisket disease Covid species?

Answer 6

Digoxin and diuretics

Question 7

List the risk factors for Atrial Fibrillation in horses:

Answer 7

Paroxysmal Afib: Many horses with a fib will have exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage. The treatment for that condition is furosemide which affects potassium levels and predisposes the patient to atrial fibrillation. These horses are usually athletes and will also sweat a lot leading to hypomagnesemia.

Pathological Afib: enlarge atria due to AV valve regurgitation and myocarditis.

Question 8

What is seen on an EKG of a horse with ventricular premature contractions?

Answer 8

1. Shortened QRS interval
2. Abnormal QRS wave not preceded by a P-wave; compensatory pause after this.

Question 9

What medications can be used to treat ventricular tachycardia?

Answer 9

Lidocaine, quinidine, magnesium sulfate, phenytoin, propanolol

Question 10

Answer the following in regards to Ionophore toxicity and horses:
1. Clinical signs
2. Diagnostics
3. Treatment

Answer 10

1. Clinical signs: clinical science typically developed within 24 hours of ingestion. You will see tachycardia, sweating, reluctance to move and turn, tremors. There’s a high risk of heart failure.
2. Diagnostics: elevated CK, AST, azotemia, myoglobinuria,
3. Treatment: Decontamination, IVF, quinidine

Question 11

What type of murmur is aortic regurgitation classified as?

Answer 11

Heard over left hemithorax

HoloDIASTOLIC, musical, decrescendo murmur

Question 12

What type of murmur is tricuspid regurgitation classified as?

Answer 12

Heard over right hemithorax

HoloSYSTOLIC, harsh, band-shaped murmur

Question 13

List the four classes of anti-rhythmic drugs, their mechanisms of action an examples of each.

Answer 13

Question 14

What medications are used to treat the following in SA’s:
1. A-fib
2. VPCs
3. Vtach

Answer 14

1. A-fib: Diltiazem, digoxin
2. VPCs: Sotalol, Mexilitine (oral lidocaine analogue)
3. Vtach: Lidocaine in emergency situation; sotalol and mexilitine long term

Question 15

What can you expect to see on radiographs of a canine patient with dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 15

Generalized cardiomegaly, variable, venous, dilation, pulmonary edema, backslash, perihilar infiltrate if decompensated.

Question 16

How would you medically treat a canine patient with DCM?

Answer 16

Prior to the onset of congestive heart failure, you would prescribe, an ace, inhibitor, and an anti-rhythmic such as sotalol or mexiletine.

Question 17

What type of murmur affecting canines is a “washing machine murmur?”

Answer 17

PDA - continuous left base murmur

Question 18

Which murmur affecting canids is a systolic left based murmur that may be auscultable at the thoracic inlet?

Answer 18

Subaortic stenosis

Question 19

What changes do you see on x-ray in canine patients with congestive heart failure?

Answer 19

Cardiomegaly, dilated pulmonary vasculature, and interstitial to alveolar pulmonary pattern in the lung fields

Question 20

List, the etiologies of of pulmonary hypertension:

Answer 20

Heartworm disease, chronic hypoxia due to a right to left cardiovascular, shunt or chronic respiratory disease, and mitral regurgitation, causing chronic increase in left heart pressure.

Question 21

How do you medically treat pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 21

Sildenafil, Pimobendan

Question 22

What clinical signs do you see in canids with pericardial effusion?

Answer 22

Acute onset of weakness/collapse, descended abdomen, exercise intolerance, muffled heart sounds, tachycardia, weak, femoral, pulses, pulses, paradoxus, pale mucous membranes

Question 23

What dog breeds suffer from idiopathic pericardial effusion?

Answer 23

Golden retriever and labrador retrievers

Question 24

What are the clinical signs and breed part elections for mitral valves generation also known as endocardiosis

Answer 24

Question 25

How does medical management differ between dilated cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, and mitral valve degeneration?

Answer 25

DCM: Pimo, ACE; Furo for after CHF

CHF: Pimo, Furo; ACE for chronic

MMVD: Pimo, ACE; Furo for ater CHF

Question 26

List the etiologies of endocarditis in dogs:

Answer 26

Staph, strep, e.coli, klebsiella, bartonella