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NAVLE > Cross Species Info > Flashcards

Cross Species Info Flashcards

From MCQ in cross species MCQ ONLY

1
Q

Define electrical defibrillation.

A

Shock stops all cells in the heart simultaneously, allowing the pacemaker cells to regain control of myocardial contraction.

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2
Q

What is the arrow pointing to in this image of an umbilical remnant?

A

Umbilical artery

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3
Q

List the appositional suture patterns:

A

Simple continuous
Simple interrupted
Intradermal/subcuticular
Cruciate
Gambee
Ford interlocking

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4
Q

List the everting suture patterns

A

Horizontal and vertical mattress

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5
Q

List the inverting suture patterns:

A

Connell
Cushing
Lembert
Cushing
Parker-Kerr
Purse-String

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6
Q

What medication is used for treating neuropathic pain?

A

Gabapentin

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7
Q

Lipid-soluble drugs distribute into ?

A

Intracellular and extracellular fluid, therefore their volume of distribution is larger than that of water-soluble drugs

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8
Q

T/F: Clearance of a drug is independent of the volume of distribution.

A

True

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9
Q

The volume of distribution is directly proportional to ?

A

The elimination half life
As volume of distribution increases, the elimination half life increases and vice versa.

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

List some examples of hypotonic fluids

A

0.45% saline
5% dextrose in water

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12
Q

List some examples of isotonic fluids

A

Crystalloids = LRS, Norm-R
Colloids = Hetastarch, Vetastarch

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13
Q

List some examples of hypertonic fluids

A

Hypertonic Saline
Norm-M
5% Dextrose

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14
Q

What is the difference between a type 1, type 2, type 3, and type 4 hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Type 1 = anaphylaxis
Type 2 = Ag-Ab complex formation (e.g. IMHA)
Type 3 = Ag-Ab complex formation deposited on endothelium (glomerulonpehritis, SLE, purpura hemorrhagic, anterior uveitis, vasculitis)
Type 4 = delayed hypersensitivity

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15
Q

What is the difference between a major and minor cross-match?

A

Major cross match = donor cells with recipient serum

Minor cross match = donor serum with recipient cells

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16
Q

What initiates the Ferguson reflex?

A

Cervical stimulation

17
Q

The patellar reflex tests the integrity of which nerve?

A

Femoral nerve

18
Q

Aminoglycosides (such as gentamicin, amikacin) are associated with what adverse effects?

A

Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity

19
Q

Cephalosporins, such as ?, are associated with what adverse effects?

A

Cephalexin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone.

Pain at injection site, otherwise relatively nontoxic

20
Q

Sulfonamides, such as ?, are associated with ?

A

Trimethoprim/sulfa

Associated with hypersensitivity and immune-mediated reactions.

21
Q

Lincosamides, such as ?, are associated with what adverse effects?

A

Clindamycin

GI upset, contraindicated in horses, rabbits, and other small mammals because severe, even fatal colitis can occur

22
Q

Penicillins, such as ?, are associated with what adverse side effects?

A

Amoxicillin

Hypersensitivity reactions esp in cattle (skin reactions, angioedema, drug fever, serum sickness, vasculitis, anaphylaxis)

23
Q

How long is the gestation period for the following species:
1. Horses
2. Cows
3. Pigs
4. Sheep
5. Goats
6. Dogs
7. Cats
8. Ferrets

A
  1. Horses - ~ 330-340 days
  2. Cows - ~ 280 days
  3. Pigs - ~114 days
  4. Sheep- 5 months
  5. Goats - 5 months
  6. Dogs - ~65 days
  7. Cats - ~65
  8. Ferrets ~41-42 days
24
Q

What type of placenta do the following species have:
1. Horses
2. Pigs
3. Dogs
4. Cats
5. Ruminants
6. Rodents

A
  1. Horses = diffuse
  2. Pigs = diffuse
  3. Dogs = Zonary
  4. Cats = Zonary
  5. Ruminants = Multicotyledonary
  6. Rodents = Discoid
25
Q

Define the following heart sounds:
S1
S2
S3
S4

A

S1 = closing of AV valves and opening of semilunar valves (aortic, pulmonic)

S2 = closing of semilunar valves and opening of AV valves (end of systole and start of diastole)

S3 = ventricular filling

S4 = atrial systole (atrial contraction)

26
Q

What type of drug if digoxin?

A

Digoxin is a positive ionotrope and is used to decrease heart rate

27
Q

What medication can be used as an adjunct analgesic for tx of chronic pain?

A

SSRI’s - fluoxetine, sertraline

28
Q

Inverting suture patterns are best used to close?

A

Stomach

29
Q

How do excessive doses of synthetic starches such as Hetastarch affect hemostasis?

A

Reduce platelet function

30
Q

Metoclopramide crosses the blood-brain barrier and antagonizes __________ in the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) to inhibit emesis.
__________ antagonism may also cause adverse _________ signs, like involuntary muscle spasms, restlessness, and inappropriate vocalization/aggression.

A

Metoclopramide crosses the blood-brain barrier and antagonizes dopamine in the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) to inhibit emesis.
Dopamine antagonism may also cause adverse extrapyramidal signs, like involuntary muscle spasms, restlessness, and inappropriate vocalization/aggression.

31
Q

A teenager brings in a wild fox he found with a mouth full of porcupine quills.
What is the best course of action?

A
32
Q

Define a “secondary survey” in an emergency patient.

A
33
Q

Acepromazine
1. Drug Class?
2. Clinical signs?
3. Adverse side effects?

A
  1. Phenothiazine
  2. Hypotension, Sedation, tranquilization, (severe cases - CV collapse), decrease tear production
  3. Occasionally, aggressiveness and hyperactivity can occur, and when given in the muscle, this medication can cause temporary pain at the injection site. This drug may also cause the urine to become mildly discolored pinkish to red-brown, but is not concerning and will resolve.
34
Q

What is a sensitive and specific biomarker of cardiac muscle damage in small and large animals?

A

Cardiac troponin I (cTnl) is a very sensitive and specific indicator of acute myocardial
damage, used in large and small animals.
It has a very short half life (0.47 hours in horses to 1.85 hours in dogs).

35
Q

The corneal reflex may be absent during what plane of anesthesia?

A

The corneal reflex may be absent during Stage IV, which is an overdose of anesthesia - the patient will be very close to death.
The corneal reflex should NEVER be gone if the patient is at an appropriate depth of anesthesia, unless the patient is paralyzed with a neuromuscular blocker.
The corneal reflex does not always disappear; in fact, it is still present for a short time after death in some patients.

36
Q

The total amount of water in the body, or the total body water (TBW), is approximately 60% of the body weight in healthy animals.
Which one of the following choices most correctly describes the distribution of the total body water?

A

2/3 intracellular
1/3 extracellular

37
Q
A
38
Q
A

NAVLE (19 decks)

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