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NAVLE > General Info - Bovine > Flashcards

General Info - Bovine Flashcards

1
Q

Zearalenone is made by?

A

Fusarium spp. infecting grains and forage.

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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of Zearalenone?

A

Increased or inappropriate estrus behavior, prolonged estrus cycles, vulvovaginitis, hypertrophy of the clitoris.

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3
Q

What species are affected by Zearalenone toxicity?

A

Cattle, pigs, poultry most severely affected. Sheep are most resistant

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4
Q
A

Zearalenone toxicity

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5
Q

Trichothecenes is made by?

A

Fusarium spp. infecting cereral grains and inhibit protein synthesis by binding ribosomes.

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6
Q

What is the most common Trichothecenes?

A

DON

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of Trichothecenes toxicity?

A

Most common C/S: feed refusal, poor growth rates, necrotic mucosal lesions in oral cavity/distal GI tract, hypersalivation, vomiting in monogastrics, immunosuppression

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8
Q

What are the C/S of Slaframine ingestion?

A

THINK: SLOBBER FACTORS
Hypersalivation within 24 hrs, anorexia, diarrhea, bloat, polyuria

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9
Q

Slaframine is produced by?

A

Slafractonia leguminicola infecting RED CLOVER.

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10
Q

What are the C/S of aflatoxin ingestion?

A

Inappetance, anorexia, vomiting, depressiong, hemorrhage, sudden death

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11
Q

What are the C/S of Fumonisin ingestion?

A

There are two clinical diseases:

  1. Equine leukoencephalomalacia: depression, sleepiness, circling, incoordination, pharyngeal paralysis and recumbency; nearly always fatal
  2. Porcine pulmonary edema: dypsnea, cyanosis, weakness, abortion, recumbency and death within 24 hrs
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12
Q

T/F: Adsorbents are FDA-approved in the US.

A

False - none of them are

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13
Q

What adsorbent is effective against aflatoxins?

A

Aluminosilicates

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14
Q

Aflatoxins are produced by?

A

Aspergillus spp.

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15
Q

Aflatoxins are?

A

Carcinogemic, mutagenic, teratogenic

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16
Q

Fumonisin is produced by?

A

Fusarium infecting corn

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17
Q

Gossypol toxicity results in?

A

GI: anorexia, colic, diarrhea
Cardiac: cardiac arrest in cases of acute exposure, CHF.

Other: violent thumping (dypsnea) in pigs

Post-mortem: streaked, pale myocardium, subcutaneous edema, straw-colored effusions

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18
Q

Describe gossypol pathogenesis:

A

Cattle are fed cottonseed meal/cottonseed containing gossypol toxic pigment over the course of several months –> binds to iron and inhibits absorption –> erythrocyte fragility, ETC inhibited, thyroid hormone production inhibited.

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19
Q

What is the difference between severity score 1,2, and 3 in regards to bovine mastitis?

A

1 = one udder quarter is affected
2 = entire udder is affected
3 = cow is sytemically ill

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20
Q

List the environmental causes of mastitis:

A

E.coli, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Enterobacter, Proteus, Serratia, Coag (-) staph

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21
Q

List the contagious pathogens of mastitis:

A

Strep agalactiae, staph aureus, trueperella pyogenes, mycoplasma

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22
Q

Healthy cows have a somatic cell count of?

A

< 100,000

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23
Q

List the parameters for acceptable milk to be consumed by humans:
SCC
Coliforms
Bacteria

A

SCC < 750,000/,ml
Coliforms < 10/ml
Bacteria < 100,000/ml

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24
Q

How would you treat a mastitis severity score of 1 or 2 and + culture for gram + bacteria?

A

Intramammary AB

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25
Q

How would you treat a mastitis severity score of 1 or 2 and + culture for gram - bacteria?

A

No tx, immune system will clear pathogen
discard milk until it returns to normal

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26
Q

How would you treat a mastitis severity score of 3?

A

Systemic AB, fluids, electrolytes, flunixin meglumine, nutritional support, milk out affected quarters

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27
Q

Which two microbes do not respond to AB? How should these individuals be treated?

A

Staph aureus and mycoplasma

CULLING is the best option

28
Q

T/F: Streptococcus agalactiae is mostly eradicated due to the use of dry cow AB therapy and improved parlor procedures.

A

True

29
Q

What are the two most common etiologies of Gangrenous mastitis?

A

Staph aureus - most common
Clostridium perfringens Type A
Bacillus = rarely

30
Q

List the causes for early term/1st half of gestation abortion:

A
  1. Tritrichomas foetus (trichomoniasis)
    - REPORTABLE
  2. Heat (> 100 degrees F)
31
Q

In cases of Trichomoniasis, the fetus is?

A

Resorbed and not expelled

32
Q

List the cause of midterm abortion and @ what time frame it occurs

A

Neospora caninum (neosporosis)
mostly 4-6 mos but can be 3-9

33
Q

List the causes of late term abortion.

A

Brucela
Epizootic bovine abortion (foothill abortion)
Sarcocystis
Chlamydia abortus
Leptospira spp.
Listeria monocytogenes
Mycoplasma
Nitrate poisoning
Ponderosa pine needles
Anaplasma marginale
Ergots
Xylazine
Dexamethasone
+/- BVD, campylobacter, exogenous prostaglandins, BHV-1, trueperella pyogenes

34
Q

What is the etiologic agent of Epizootic bovine abortion aka foothill abortion?

A

Pajaroellobacter abortibovis transmitted via Ornithodorus coriaceus

35
Q

Cows become infected with brucella abortus if?

A

They come into contact with aborted fluids and tissues

36
Q

When do abortions due to epizootic bovine abortion occur?

A

60-120 days after naive pregnant heiffers are moved onto contaminated pastures

37
Q

Fetuses aborted due to epizootic bovine abortion have what?

A

Lymphadenopathy and petechial hemorrhages

38
Q

T/F: BVD can cause abortion at any stage of gestation

A

True

39
Q

How is BVD transmitted?

A

Venereally from PI infected bull semen

40
Q

What drug is used for terminating pregnancy and what is the risk?

A

Dexamethasone
Risk of retained placenta

41
Q

Campylobacter (vibrio) veneralias is transmitted via?

A

Venereal from bull or cow to bull

42
Q

T/F: Aborted calves due to IBR may have abomasal plaques.

A

True

43
Q

How do you test for BVD?

A

PCR or fluroescent AB

44
Q

How do you test for Neospora caninum?

A

Titers on dam

45
Q

How do you test for campylobacter?

A

Cervical mucous for AB or culture and fetal tissues for culture

46
Q

Which of the causes of abortion have a vaccine?

A

IBR
BVD
Brucella
Lepto
Campylobacter
Foothill abortion

47
Q

Write the age and C/S for each cause of neonatal diarrhea:
1. E.coli
2. Salmonellosis
3. Rotavirus
4. Coronavirus
5. Cryptosporidiosis

A
  1. E.coli = ETEC < 3 days, Others = 2d-4 weeks; ETEC = nonbloody nonfibrinous
  2. Salmonellosis = Any age; +/- bloody
  3. Rotavirus = 1-2 weeks
  4. Coronavirus = 5 d - 1m; mucohemorrhagic
  5. Cryptosporidiosis = 1-3 weeks; mucoid
48
Q

Abortion due to lepto causes what to happen to the fetus?

A

Fetus is usually autolyzed

49
Q

Define Grade I-IV vaginal prolapse

A

Grade I - intermittent prolapse, esp when recumbent
Grade II - continuous prolapse
Grade III - continuous prolapse of vagina, bladder, and cervix
Grade IV - Grade II or III with tissue damage by trauma, infection, or necrosis

50
Q

Vaginal prolapses are retained with?

A

A buhner suture

51
Q

What is the most common cause of endometritis in cattle?

A

Trueperella pyogenes

52
Q

What are the differences between follicular cysts and luteal cysts?

A

Follicular cysts are thin walled, less than 3 mm while luteal cysts are thick walled, more than 3 mm.

Follicular cysts have a low serum progesterone concentration while luteal cysts have a high serum progesterone concentration.

Use GnRH to encourage ovulation for follicular cysts, Use PGF2a to encourage luteal lysis for luteal cysts.

53
Q

Describe Stages 1 -3 of normal parturition in dairy cattle

A
54
Q

How do you treat Trichomoniasis + bulls?

A

Imidazoles

55
Q

How do you control trichomoniasis?

A

Test and cull + bulls and replace with virgin bulls

56
Q

Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion deficiency is characterized by?

A

Stunted holstein calf with persistent neutrophilia (over 100,000) and lymphocytosis, histopath shows neutrophils in vessels but not in tissues

57
Q

Congenital hypotrichosis is characterized by?

A

Hair loss by 2 weeks of age

58
Q

Mannosidosis is characterized by?

A

Lysosomal storage disease

59
Q

Citrullinemia is a disease characterized by?

A

Single based substitution causes deficiency in argininosuccinate synthetaste which disrupts urea cycle –> hyperammonemia –> opisthotonus, blindness, seizures, etc.

60
Q

Label this image

A
61
Q

Label this image

A
62
Q

List the clostridium species that cause damage to the liver.

A
63
Q

List the clostridium species that cause damage to the muscles

A
64
Q

What is the cause of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?

A
65
Q

Which tick transmits babesia in cattle?

A

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus

66
Q
A

NAVLE (15 decks)

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