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General Info - Bovine Flashcards

1
Q

Zearalenone is made by?

A

Fusarium spp. infecting grains and forage.

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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of Zearalenone?

A

Increased or inappropriate estrus behavior, prolonged estrus cycles, vulvovaginitis, hypertrophy of the clitoris.

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3
Q

What species are affected by Zearalenone toxicity?

A

Cattle, pigs, poultry most severely affected. Sheep are most resistant

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4
Q
A

Zearalenone toxicity

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5
Q

Trichothecenes is made by?

A

Fusarium spp. infecting cereral grains and inhibit protein synthesis by binding ribosomes.

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6
Q

What is the most common Trichothecenes?

A

DON

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of Trichothecenes toxicity?

A

Most common C/S: feed refusal, poor growth rates, necrotic mucosal lesions in oral cavity/distal GI tract, hypersalivation, vomiting in monogastrics, immunosuppression

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8
Q

What are the C/S of Slaframine ingestion?

A

THINK: SLOBBER FACTORS
Hypersalivation within 24 hrs, anorexia, diarrhea, bloat, polyuria

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9
Q

Slaframine is produced by?

A

Slafractonia leguminicola infecting RED CLOVER.

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10
Q

What are the C/S of aflatoxin ingestion?

A

Inappetance, anorexia, vomiting, depressiong, hemorrhage, sudden death

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11
Q

What are the C/S of Fumonisin ingestion?

A

There are two clinical diseases:

  1. Equine leukoencephalomalacia: depression, sleepiness, circling, incoordination, pharyngeal paralysis and recumbency; nearly always fatal
  2. Porcine pulmonary edema: dypsnea, cyanosis, weakness, abortion, recumbency and death within 24 hrs
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12
Q

T/F: Adsorbents are FDA-approved in the US.

A

False - none of them are

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13
Q

What adsorbent is effective against aflatoxins?

A

Aluminosilicates

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14
Q

Aflatoxins are produced by?

A

Aspergillus spp.

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15
Q

Aflatoxins are?

A

Carcinogemic, mutagenic, teratogenic

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16
Q

Fumonisin is produced by?

A

Fusarium infecting corn

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17
Q

Gossypol toxicity results in?

A

GI: anorexia, colic, diarrhea
Cardiac: cardiac arrest in cases of acute exposure, CHF.

Other: violent thumping (dypsnea) in pigs

Post-mortem: streaked, pale myocardium, subcutaneous edema, straw-colored effusions

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18
Q

Describe gossypol pathogenesis:

A

Cattle are fed cottonseed meal/cottonseed containing gossypol toxic pigment over the course of several months –> binds to iron and inhibits absorption –> erythrocyte fragility, ETC inhibited, thyroid hormone production inhibited.

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19
Q

What is the difference between severity score 1,2, and 3 in regards to bovine mastitis?

A

1 = one udder quarter is affected
2 = entire udder is affected
3 = cow is sytemically ill

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20
Q

List the environmental causes of mastitis:

A

E.coli, Klebsiella, Streptococcus, Enterobacter, Proteus, Serratia, Coag (-) staph

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21
Q

List the contagious pathogens of mastitis:

A

Strep agalactiae, staph aureus, trueperella pyogenes, mycoplasma

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22
Q

Healthy cows have a somatic cell count of?

A

< 100,000

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23
Q

List the parameters for acceptable milk to be consumed by humans:
SCC
Coliforms
Bacteria

A

SCC < 750,000/,ml
Coliforms < 10/ml
Bacteria < 100,000/ml

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24
Q

How would you treat a mastitis severity score of 1 or 2 and + culture for gram + bacteria?

A

Intramammary AB

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25
How would you treat a mastitis severity score of 1 or 2 and + culture for gram - bacteria?
No tx, immune system will clear pathogen discard milk until it returns to normal
26
How would you treat a mastitis severity score of 3?
Systemic AB, fluids, electrolytes, flunixin meglumine, nutritional support, milk out affected quarters
27
Which two microbes do not respond to AB? How should these individuals be treated?
Staph aureus and mycoplasma CULLING is the best option
28
T/F: Streptococcus agalactiae is mostly eradicated due to the use of dry cow AB therapy and improved parlor procedures.
True
29
What are the two most common etiologies of Gangrenous mastitis?
Staph aureus - most common Clostridium perfringens Type A Bacillus = rarely
30
List the causes for early term/1st half of gestation abortion:
1. Tritrichomas foetus (trichomoniasis) - REPORTABLE 2. Heat (> 100 degrees F)
31
In cases of Trichomoniasis, the fetus is?
Resorbed and not expelled
32
List the cause of midterm abortion and @ what time frame it occurs
Neospora caninum (neosporosis) mostly 4-6 mos but can be 3-9
33
List the causes of late term abortion.
Brucela Epizootic bovine abortion (foothill abortion) Sarcocystis Chlamydia abortus Leptospira spp. Listeria monocytogenes Mycoplasma Nitrate poisoning Ponderosa pine needles Anaplasma marginale Ergots Xylazine Dexamethasone +/- BVD, campylobacter, exogenous prostaglandins, BHV-1, trueperella pyogenes
34
What is the etiologic agent of Epizootic bovine abortion aka foothill abortion?
Pajaroellobacter abortibovis transmitted via Ornithodorus coriaceus
35
Cows become infected with brucella abortus if?
They come into contact with aborted fluids and tissues
36
When do abortions due to epizootic bovine abortion occur?
60-120 days after naive pregnant heiffers are moved onto contaminated pastures
37
Fetuses aborted due to epizootic bovine abortion have what?
Lymphadenopathy and petechial hemorrhages
38
T/F: BVD can cause abortion at any stage of gestation
True
39
How is BVD transmitted?
Venereally from PI infected bull semen
40
What drug is used for terminating pregnancy and what is the risk?
Dexamethasone Risk of retained placenta
41
Campylobacter (vibrio) veneralias is transmitted via?
Venereal from bull or cow to bull
42
T/F: Aborted calves due to IBR may have abomasal plaques.
True
43
How do you test for BVD?
PCR or fluroescent AB
44
How do you test for Neospora caninum?
Titers on dam
45
How do you test for campylobacter?
Cervical mucous for AB or culture and fetal tissues for culture
46
Which of the causes of abortion have a vaccine?
IBR BVD Brucella Lepto Campylobacter Foothill abortion
47
Write the age and C/S for each cause of neonatal diarrhea: 1. E.coli 2. Salmonellosis 3. Rotavirus 4. Coronavirus 5. Cryptosporidiosis
1. E.coli = ETEC < 3 days, Others = 2d-4 weeks; ETEC = nonbloody nonfibrinous 2. Salmonellosis = Any age; +/- bloody 3. Rotavirus = 1-2 weeks 4. Coronavirus = 5 d - 1m; mucohemorrhagic 5. Cryptosporidiosis = 1-3 weeks; mucoid
48
Abortion due to lepto causes what to happen to the fetus?
Fetus is usually autolyzed
49
Define Grade I-IV vaginal prolapse
Grade I - intermittent prolapse, esp when recumbent Grade II - continuous prolapse Grade III - continuous prolapse of vagina, bladder, and cervix Grade IV - Grade II or III with tissue damage by trauma, infection, or necrosis
50
Vaginal prolapses are retained with?
A buhner suture
51
What is the most common cause of endometritis in cattle?
Trueperella pyogenes
52
What are the differences between follicular cysts and luteal cysts?
Follicular cysts are thin walled, less than 3 mm while luteal cysts are thick walled, more than 3 mm. Follicular cysts have a low serum progesterone concentration while luteal cysts have a high serum progesterone concentration. Use GnRH to encourage ovulation for follicular cysts, Use PGF2a to encourage luteal lysis for luteal cysts.
53
Describe Stages 1 -3 of normal parturition in dairy cattle
54
How do you treat Trichomoniasis + bulls?
Imidazoles
55
How do you control trichomoniasis?
Test and cull + bulls and replace with virgin bulls
56
Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion deficiency is characterized by?
Stunted holstein calf with persistent neutrophilia (over 100,000) and lymphocytosis, histopath shows neutrophils in vessels but not in tissues
57
Congenital hypotrichosis is characterized by?
Hair loss by 2 weeks of age
58
Mannosidosis is characterized by?
Lysosomal storage disease
59
Citrullinemia is a disease characterized by?
Single based substitution causes deficiency in argininosuccinate synthetaste which disrupts urea cycle --> hyperammonemia --> opisthotonus, blindness, seizures, etc.
60
Label this image
61
Label this image
62
List the clostridium species that cause damage to the liver.
63
List the clostridium species that cause damage to the muscles
64
What is the cause of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
65
Which tick transmits babesia in cattle?
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus
66

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