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NAVLE > General info - Equine > Flashcards

General info - Equine Flashcards

1
Q

How do you test for PPID?

A

Resting ACTH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone test, fasting insulin/insulin sensitivity test (due to high likelihood of insulin dysregulation)

ACTH plasma will be elevated

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2
Q

Which test is more sensitive: ACTH or thyrotropin releasing hormone?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

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3
Q

How do you treat PPID?

A

Pergolide, a dopamine agonist

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4
Q

List the etiologies, presentations, diagnostics, treatment, and prognosis of equine colitis.

A
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5
Q

Sepsis in foals occurs at what age?

A

< 14 days of age

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6
Q

Abortion in horses typically occurs at what point in gestation?

A

After placental development (40-45 days)

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7
Q

List the causes of abortion in equids

A

EHV-1
EVA
Twinning
Fungal
Lepto
Bacterial/Ascending infection

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8
Q

List the forms of exertional rhabdomyolysis and the horses affected by each.

A

Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) = abnormal glycogen storage; warmblood, quarter horse, draft horse

Recurrent storage myopathy = abnormal intracellular calcium storage; thoroughbred, standardbred

Other = malignant, hyperthermia, etc.

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9
Q

What is the AB of choice for strangles disease ?

A

Procaine penicillin

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10
Q

List the causes of viral URD:

A

EHV-1,4; influenza virus, rhinitis virus, viral arteritis

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11
Q

List the major GI parasites of horses and the tx for each

A
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12
Q

Afib is typically seen in ?

A

Athletic horses with exercise intolerance and induced epistaxis

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

What is the most common site of squamous ulceration?

A

Lesser curvature, proximal to the margo plicatus

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15
Q

What is the most common site for glandular ulceration?

A

Pylorus

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16
Q

What is the difference between spasmodic vs simple impaction vs large colon displacement vs strangulating obstruction?

A

Spasmodic = gas distension
Simple impaction = pelvic flexure is most common site
Strangulating obstruction = large colon volvulus or lipoma in an older horse

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17
Q

List some examples of ionophores that are toxic to horses

A

monensin, salinomycin, lasalocid

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with ionophore toxicity? What causes them to manifest? How is it diagnosed? Treated?

A

Tachycardia, tremors, reluctance to move/turn, sweating, high risk of heart failure.

Disrupt ion gradient across cell membranes and affect energy production in cells.

Treat via decontamination, ivf, anti-arrythmics, recheck ECG in 24 hrs

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19
Q

Fumonisin causes what clinical signs? How is it diagnosed and treated?

A

Fumonisin is found in moldy corn and causes neuro signs and death within 48-72 hrs

Dx via elevated sphinganine to spingosine ratio, liquefactive necrosis of white white matter (leukoencephalomalacia)

No tx

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20
Q

What clinical signs does this plant cause? Dx? Tx?

A

Fescue hay contains ergot alkaloids which cause vasoconstriction, leading to necrosis of the extremities. Also, since they act as dopamine receptor antagonists, it affects milk production and estrogen/progesterone balance so gestation is prolonged, absence of milk production
Tx= none

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21
Q

What toxic principle does this plant contain?

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Senecio spp plant pictured above. Leads to photosensitization, chronic liver failure since pa’s are toxic to hepatocytes.

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22
Q

List the forms of cervical vertebral malformation.

A

Type 1 = developmental; mid cervical
Type 2 = acquired due to osteoarthritis or trauma; caudal cervical

23
Q

What are some classic clinical signs of CVM?

A

Abnormal slap test - slap withers while placing one hand on larynx; will feel contraction.

Progressive ataxia OR weakness (toe dragging) in pelvic limbs or all four limbs.

24
Q

How do you treat wobbler’s?

A

Basket surgery
Young horses: calorie reduction and exercise restriction
Older horses: NSAIDs, +/- vertebral facet injections

25
Q

What are the differences between EDM and EMND?

A

EDM: Seen in horses 6-12 mo of age; Typically Appaloosa, Standardbred, Paso Fino. See symmetrical, progressive ataxia, poor cutaneous trunci reflex, etc.

EMND: Seen in adult horses (peak @ 16 yrs of age), NO ataxia, “elephant on ball” stance, muscle and weight loss, etc.

26
Q

Both EDM and EMND are most likely caused by a ?

A

Vitamin E deficiency

27
Q

What are the classic clinical signs of polyneuritis equie aka cauda equina neuritis?

A

Urinary incontinence, fecal impaction, tail-head rubbing, urine scaled, etc.

28
Q
A

Poison hemolock

29
Q
A

Water hemlock

30
Q
A

Water hemlock LEAVES

31
Q
A

Poison hemlock LEAVES

32
Q

What is the major difference in terms of clinical signs between water hemlock and poison hemlock?

A

Water hemolock leads to death in less than 1 hr, there is muscle twitching, lips, ear, and nose

33
Q
A

Locoweed

34
Q

What is the pathogenesis of locoweed toxicity?

A

Certain astragalus or Oxytropis plants produce swainsonine which inhibits golgi alpha-mannosidase 2. Chronic ingestion causes excess build up of glycoproteins which damage CNS neurons and can lead to metabolic storage disease.

35
Q

What is the cause of nigropallidal encephalomalacia?

A

Yellow star thistle (Centauea solstitialis)

36
Q

Clostridiosis is typically seen in?

A

Foals less than 5 days-10 days old

37
Q

What medication is used to treat clostridiosis?

A

Metronidazole

38
Q

Salmonellosis is typically seen in?

A

Foals less than 1 mo old

39
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis is typically seen in?

A

foals 4-6 mo old

40
Q

Describe the lameness scores from 1-5

A
41
Q

Lawsonia intracellularis is tx with?

A

Erythromycin, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol

42
Q

The palmar digital block anesthetizes the?

A

Entire foot

43
Q

The abaxial block anesthetizes the?

A

Foot + pastern

44
Q

The low-4 point block anesthetizes the?

A

Foot, pastern, fetlock

45
Q

The high 4-point block anesthetizes the?

A

Foot, pastern, fetlock, metacarpus/metatarsus (bones + soft tissues)

46
Q

What is the difference between bone spavin and bog spavin?

A

Bone spavin involves the joints and the bone, and it’s usually osteoarthritis. And osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition of the cartilage and bone that results in proliferation of new bone in the horse’s attempt to fuse the joint. Bog spavin is extra fluid in the upper joints of the hock

47
Q
A

Bog spavin

48
Q
A

Thoroughpin - tarsal sheath of DDFT proximal to tarsus

49
Q
A
50
Q
A
51
Q

When are moderate to severe cases of carpus valgus treated?

A

Less than 4 months of age
This is before the distal radial and physeal plates close by around 6 months.

52
Q

Is it normal for a mare to expel the placenta “inside out”?

A

Yes! It is normal for the mare to expel the allantoic side of the allantochorion exposed

53
Q
A

NAVLE (19 decks)

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