General Info - Canine Flashcards
You recently diagnosed a canine patient with Hyperadrenocorticism. What would you expect to see on this patient’s bloodwork in order to have helped you reach this conclusion?
- Elevated ALP
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Hyposthenuria +/- proteinuria
- Stress leukogram = neutrophilia, eosinopenia, lymphopenia
What is the function of trilostane?
Inhibits cortisol producing enzyme
What is the function of Lysodren?
Kills cells in adrenals that makes cortisol
What is the difference between IVDD seen in chondrodystrophic breeds vs nonchondrodystrophic breeds?
Chondrodystrophic: Nucleus pulposus extrudes through the annulus fibrosus.
Nonchondrodystrophic: Hypertrophy/bulging of the annulus pulposus.
The heartworm snap test detects?
Adult female worms 5+ mo post infection
List the intermediate hosts of heartworm disease:
Aedes, Anopeles, Culex
Fipronil kills?
Adult fleas
Brands to think of: Frontline plus
Lufeneuron does?
Inhibits flea development
Brands to think of: Sentinel
List the radiographic changes/signs of canine hip dysplasia:
- Flattened femoral head
- Poor femoral head coverage
- Shallow acetabulum
- Femoral head/neck thickening
What % of the femoral head is covered by the acetabulum in canine hip dysplasia patients?
50%
When is PennHIP most accurate?
Early in life than OFA
Who are the poster children for panosteitis?
Vizlas
What is the difference, in terms of physical exam findings, between panosteitis, HOD, and OCD?
Panosteitis: pain on long bone (femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia) palpation.
HOD: pain when palpating near metaphysis
OCD: Joint effusion, decreased range of motion.
What is the difference, in terms of radiographic findings, between panosteitis, HOD, and OCD?
Panosteitis: increased medullary opacity, periosteal new bone.
HOD: “double physis”
OCD: flattening of femmoral head, joint mice, effusion
What clinical signs are seen with ethylene glycol toxicity @ 1-2 hrs & 24-72 hrs?
1-2 hrs = stuporous, disoriented, nauseous
24-72 = renal failure signs, vomiting, anorexic, PU/PD,
The Ethylene glycol test is only good for what amt of time post ingestion?
30 min - 12 hrs
How long does it take for calcium oxalate crystals to form in EG patients urine?
3-18 hrs
An osmole gap of = is suggestive of EG toxicity?
osmole gap > 20
What is the MOA of Fomepizole in treating EG toxicity?
Prevents conversion of EG to toxic metabolites.
Parvovirus is what type of virus?
Nonenveloped single stranded DNA virus
Parvovirus attacks?
Bone marrow, lymphopoietic tissue, and small intestinal crypts –> villous blunting
You are presented with a 5 yr old lab that is experiencing weight gain, lethargy, exercise intolerance, bilateral nonpruritic alopecia with a rat tail, and dry coat.
You suspect your patient has Hypothyroidism and want to run some tests to confirm your suspicions. What would you expect for the following values:
Total T4
Free T4
TSH
Explain your thought process
In patients with hypothyroidism, you would typically see a low T4 (but this is not confirmatory of true hypothyroidism, so need to check Free T4 and TSH. If free T4 is low = true hypothyroidism, if normal = sick euthyroid syndrome. Lastly, if TSH is high = true hypothyroidism, if normal or low = most likely sick euthyroid syndrome.
Pre-renal vs renal vs post renal azotemia
List the etiologies of kennel cough
Bordatella bronchiseptica, canine adenovirus 2, canine influenza virus H3N8 & H3N2, Mycoplasma, canine parainfluenza, +/- distemper virus
What two drugs can cause temporary megaesophagus?
Ketamine, xylazine
Which cystic calculi are radioopaque?
Struvite, calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, silica, +/- cystine
How would you treat a case of cystitis or struvite crystals?
AB or sx or medial dissolution with diet.
How would you treat a case of calcium oxalate or phosphate crystals?
Sx and low protein alkaline promoting urine diet
How would you treat a case of cystine crystals?
Low protein and low methionine for 1 mo past dissolution then low protein renal diet
List the etiologies for fleas in canids and felids:
Felids: C. felis
Canids: C. canis
List the etiologies for mites in canids and felids:
Sarcoptes scabei, Cheyletiellosis
T/F: Dogs are usually infected with cat fleas
True
How do you treat flea infestation in dogs?
Fipronil in puppies > 8 weeks of age
Lufenuron or Selamectin in puppies > 6 weeks of age
How would you treat mites in dogs?
Lime sulfur dips, Selamectin, fluralner, ivermectin
How would you treat tick infestation in dogs?
Remove, fluralener, fipronil
What clinical signs are more common in young dogs with distemper?
Forebrain signs - seizures, pacing, head-pressing, visual deficits, behavioral changes
What clinical signs are more common in older dogs with distemper?
Cerebellar, brainstem, spinal cord
Cerebellar = ataxia, hypermetria, intention tremors
Brainstem = vestibular, nystagmus, head tilt, facial and tongue paralysis
Spinal chord = hyperreflexia, parlysis/paresis
List the etiologic agents for the following in dogs:
- Roundworms
- Hookworms
- Whipworms
- Tapeworm
- Roundworms = Toxocara canis
- Hookworms = Ancyclostoma caninum
- Whipworms = Trichuris vulpis
- Tapeworm = Dipylidium caninum
How do you treat the following in dogs:
- Roundworms
- Hookworms
- Whipworms
- Tapeworm
- Roundworms, Hookworms = pyrantel
- Whipworms = fenbendazole
- Tapeworm = praziquantel
How are the following transmitted:
- Roundworms
- Hookworms
- Whipworms
- Tapeworm
- Roundworms = mammary, placenta, egg infestation or transport hosts
- Hookworms = ingestion of larvae in feces, trans-mammary, direct cutaneous penetration
- Whipworms = ingestion of infected eggs 2-4 weeks after shed in dog feces
- Tapeworm = ingestion of infected prey or fleas
What drugs pass the BBB?
Lomustine, Cytarabine
What is the normal PCV/TS range in a canine? Blood glucose?
PCV = 35-57
TS = 5.4-7.5
BG = 63-114
What is the normal ratio of Na:K?
> 27:1
What are the causes of addison’s disease?
Immune mediated destruction of adrenal cortex, iatrogenic due to chronic steroid usage with no tapering, or with mitotane/trilostane therapy (used for HYPERadrenocorticism)
When you think of Addison’s disease, what electrolyte abnormalities are the first that come to mind?
Na and K, specifically hyponatremia and hyperkalemia.
What is the most common form of Addison’s disease?
Glucocorticoid and mineralcorticoid deficiency
What do we expect to see in the erythrogram of an Addisonian patient and why?
Normocytic, normochromic, nonregenerative anemia b/c cortisol deficiency –> less RBC production (since cortisol is needed for RBC production)
What would be the results of ACTH stim test in an addisonian patient?
pre and post ACTH cortisol < 2 mcg/dL
What is the purpose of ACTH stim test?
To rule in or rule out Hypoadrenocorticism
If baseline > 2 = rules out hypoadrenocorticism
If baseline < 2 = need to do an ACTH stim
When looking at results of a LDDST, how do you determine whether or not the patient has Cushing’s?
First look @ 8 hrs. If > N = Cushing’s, if < N = not Cushing’s
Then look at pre-dex (baseline) cortisol and take 50% of that value.
Then look @ 4 hrs. If the 50% value is < 4 hrs = PD Cushing’s, if > = Either PD or AD Cushing’s
You suspect a patient has cushing’s disease, what tests do you run and in what order?
UCCR, then LDDST. If still unclear, do ACTH stim for iatrogenic cushing’s
What ACTH stim results do you expect to see in a patient with iatrogenic cushing’s?
low pre and post cortisol b/c since this is caused by giving steroids in a different form, the body stops making as much cortisol and the adrenals are atrophied/quiescent
What LDDST results do you expect to see in a PD Cushinoid patient? AD ?
PD @ 4 hrs = yes or no suppression, @ 8 hrs = no suppression
AD @ 4 hrs = no suppression, @ 8 hrs = no suppression
What T4 and TSH results do you expect to see in a patient with hypothyroidism?
Free T4 = low, TSH = high
Toxocara canis
Canine Roundworm
Dipylidium caninum
Canine tapeworm
Trichuris vulpis
Canine whipworm
Vomitus with T. canis (blacarrows) and D. caninum (inside blue circle)
T. canis egg
A. caninum
Canine hookworm
T. vulpis
Canine whipworm
D. caninum
Canine tapeworm
What is the classic presentation of a canine patient with Wobbler’s Syndrome?
A Doberman pinscher/Great Dane that is at least 7 yrs of age presents for progressive hindlimb weakness and ataxia +/- forelimb involvement
What are the etiologies of wobbler syndrome in dogs?
Disc associated = congenital vertebral canal stenosis with later intervertebral disc extrusion
Osseous-associated = osseous malformation and osteoarthritis compress the spinal chord
T/F: Selamectin and doramectin are safe in MDR1 dogs.
True
The most common nasal tumor in dogs is?
Adenocarcinoma
What would you see on BW in a canine patient with hyperadrenocorticism?
Hypercholesterolemia, elevated ALP, stress leukogram, thrombocytosis, hyposthenuria +/- proteinuria
What medication is used to treat canine hyperadrenocorticism?
Trilostane - inhibits enzyme key in cortisol production
Lysodren - kills cells that make cortisol
What would you see on BW in a canine patient with hyporthyroidism?
Low Total T4, normal to increased TSH
Hypercholesterolemia and triglyceridemia, mild non-regenerative anemia
What medication is used to treat canine hyporthyroidism?
Levothyroxine (Oral T4)
How do you treat canine diabetes mellitus?
HIGH FIBER DIET (different from cats where you want low carb, NO fiber)
Insulin - long acting = NPH, vetsulin)
What would you see on BW in a canine patient with hypoadrenocorticism?
Lack of a stress leukogram despite begin so sick, hyponatremia and hypokalemia (normal Na:K ratio is 27:1), isosthenuria
Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy is also known as?
Wobbler’s Syndrome
Cervical stenotic myelopathy, aka Wobbler’s Syndrome, is commonly seen in?
Large or giant breed dogs.
- Large breed > 7 yrs
- Giant breed at least 3 yrs
What are the classic clinical signs of a canine patient with Wobbler’s Syndrome? What causes these clinical signs?
Chronic progressive hindlimb weakness and ataxia +/- forelimb involvement.
There are two forms of Wobbler’s Syndrome: Disc-associated = congenital vertebral canal stenosis w/ intervertebral disc extrusion OR Osseous-associated with osseous malformation and osteoarthritis compressing the spinal chord.
How do you diagnose wobbler’s syndrome?
Spinal radiographs to r/o other disease. Definitive diagnosis via MRI, CT with myelogram (uses contrast die to determine if there is a problem in the spinal chord).
How is Wobbler’s syndrome treated?
Exercise restriction and steroids or NSAIDs. 50% of cases will improve with just this.
80% of cases will improve with surgical treatment.
What is the prognosis of wobbler syndrome?
Most dogs deteriorate within 3 years of diagnosis, regardless of treatment
What can be seen in these xrays of a 12 year old Labrador retriever?
Hypoinflation of the lungs. `
How would you treat a ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma?
Total ear canal ablaton with a bulla osteotomy
Why is Hypertonic saline chosen over Mannitol to treat ICP in dogs?
B/c while mannitol is a hyperosmotic agent that is used to treat ICP, it can exacerbate dehydration which makes it less desirable to treat patients in shock.
Answer the following in regards to Canine Hepatozoonosis:
1. Etiology
2. Clinical signs
3. Dx
4. Tx
5. Prognosis
- Hepatozoon americanum; transmitted by ticks or ingestion of a carcass infested with H. americanum cystozooites.
- Clinical signs: fever, depression, mucopurulet ocular discharge, muscle wasting and pain, weakness, cervical guarding, hyperesthesia.
- Marked neutrophilic leukocytosis is the most common lab finding.
- Combo of TMS, Clindamycin, and pyrimethamine. NO CURE
Answer the following in regards to meningioencephalitis:
1. Etiology
2. Clinical signs
3. Diagnosis
4. Tx
5. Prognosis
- Etiology: presumed immune-mediated. Pugs, yorkies, maltese, and other small breeds are overrepresented.
- Clinical signs: seizures, altered mentation, torticollis, hemiparesis.
- Diagnosis: CSF and MRI
- Tx: immunosuppression, anti-seizure meds
- Prognosis: Fair to guarded.
What is the best and safest treatment for demodicosis?
Fluralaner, an oral isoxazoline.
