I&D1. Gender Bias Flashcards
1
Q
Gender Bias
A
Men and women treated differently based on stereotypes, not fact
2
Q
Alpha Bias
A
exaggeration of differences between men and women
3
Q
Alpha Bias Example
A
- Psychodynamic: ‘deviant superego causes criminality’.
- IF true, then a higher percentage of women would be criminals, as they don’t experience ‘castration anxiety’, therefore feel no need to identify with same-sex parent’s moral standards
- suggests females are ‘less moral’
4
Q
Androcentrism
A
all behaviour is compared to a ‘male standard’, to the neglect/exclusion of women
5
Q
Androcentrism Example
A
- Fight or Flight Research
- Conducted with male animals, as female hormone fluctuation makes research difficult
- assumption: “what’s true for males is true for females”
- females INSTEAD ‘tend and befriend’
6
Q
Beta Bias
A
minimisation of differences between men and women, research ‘applies to all’
7
Q
Beta Bias Example
A
- Kohlberg’s levels of moral reasoning
- AMERICAN MALES
- results then generalised to both men and women
8
Q
Universality
A
- Aim to develop theories that ‘apply to all’
- bias, validity issues, and reliability issues reduce universality
9
Q
- Eval: Bias in methodology
A
- Rosenthal (1966)
- male experimenters more encouraging to females, therefore they perform better
- majority of experimenters are men; female concerns are not heard
10
Q
+ Eval: ‘Reverse Alpha Bias’
A
- Cornell et al. (2013)
- showed women are better at learning as they’re more attentive, flexible and organised
- therefore challenges stereotype that the ‘male position’ in gender differences is always better
11
Q
- Eval: Challenge Assumptions
A
- Darwin’s theory of sexual selection: women as ‘choosy’, and men are ‘to be chosen’
- women are ‘coy’, and men are ‘aggressive’ (due to being in competition)
- Vernimmenn (2015): DNA evidence supports idea that a good ‘adaptive strategy’ is for women to mate with more than 1 man, therefore putting FEMALES in competition, as well as men.
