"Hydrolysis of Haloalkanes by Nucleophilic Substitution"

Question 1

what can halogens react with?

Answer 1

= nucleophiles

Question 2

What are nucleophiles?

Answer 2

= all of them have lone pair of electrons
= lone pair of electrons is attracted to an electron defficient carbon atom- have a partial or full pisitive charge
= donates their lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond between nucleophile and carbon atom

Question 3

What happens when an HO:^- ion reacts with a haloalkane?

Answer 3

= lone pair of electrons on the OH- ion are attracted to the electron defficient carbon atom
=nucleophile donates it’s electrons to the carbon to form a covalent bond with the electron defficient carbon atom
= carbon can have a maximum of 4 covalent bonds
= covalent bond between the carbon and halogen breaks pair of electrons moving to the halogen atom
= hetreolyric fission

Question 4

How do we represent the movement of a pair of electrons?

Answer 4

= curly arrow
= from the lone pair of electron and end at the electron deffecient carbon atom
=

Question 5

What is formed at the end of the reaction?

Answer 5

= alcohol
= halide ion- leaving group

Question 6

What are the conditions needed for this reaction?

Answer 6

= aq solution of OH ions
= haloalkanes are insoluable in water so ethanol needs to be added so it react with aq OH ions
= heat reaction under reflux to increase the rate