Human Diseases L5: CVD 5 - valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease and infective endocarditis Flashcards

1
Q

Q44 what is the purpose of doing multiple blood cultures for a patient suffering from infective endocarditis?

A

Multiple blood cultures will determine the causative agent responsible to help direct antimicrobial therapy.

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2
Q

Q48 what antibiotic is to be used if prophylaxis is required with penicillin allergy?

A

Clindamycin capsules 300 mg

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3
Q

Q6 which people require special consideration for antibiotic prophylaxis prior to invasive dental procedures?

A

Any patients with prosthetic valves.

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4
Q

Q30 atrial septal defect,

ventricular septal defect,

patent ductus arteriosus,

coaction of the aorta

and tetralogy of fallout are all examples of kind of heart disease?

A

Congenital heart disease.

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5
Q

Q27 what is the INR therapeutic range for people taking warfarin for disorders such as atrial fibrillation or blood clot in the leg or lungs?

A

2.0 to 3.0

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6
Q

Q11 the disordered physiological processes associated with disease or injury is best defined as?

A

Pathophysiology

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7
Q

Q28 what is the desired INR for patients with metal valves?

A

Usually >3

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8
Q

Q42 bacterial vegetation of the heart valves results in which condition?

A

Infective endocarditis

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9
Q

Q3 what is INR for a person with a mechanical valve replacement?

A

3 - 4

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10
Q

Q36 patent ductus arteriosus is an abnormal connection between which arteries?

A

Aorta and the pulmonary artery.

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11
Q

Q8. Which valves are most commonly affected in valvular heart disease?

A

Left sided valves, the aortic and mitral valves

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12
Q

Q25 if the INR is too low, does that increase or decrease the formation of blood clots?

A

Increases

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13
Q

Q21 what lifelong medication is required with a TAVI?

A

Antiplatelet therapy

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14
Q

Q35 which artery undergoes increased pressure in ventricular septal defect?

A

Pulmonary artery

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15
Q

Q41 The circulation of deoxygenated blood around the body is a result of which heart condition?

A

Cyanotic heart disease (cyanosis refers to a bluish colour of the skin and mucous membranes)

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16
Q

Q33 patients suffering from atrial septal defect are NOT at increased risk of endocarditis why?

A

Due to the slow velocity of shunt flow.

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17
Q

Q2 everyone with a valve replacement needs lifelong anticoagulation – true or false?

A

False

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18
Q

Q10 the aetiology of valvular heart disease is very broad, however what is the most common cause of valvular heart disease?

A

Age -related

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19
Q

Q47 what antibiotic is to be used if prophylaxis is required with no penicillin allergy?

A

Amoxicillin 3g oral powder sachet (1 sachet) 60 minutes before procedure.

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20
Q

Q15 what two valve replacement options are available for surgery?

A

Biological and mechanical

21
Q

Q16 which valve replacement requires the need to take lifelong anticoagulation with warfarin?

A

Mechanical

22
Q

Q26 if the INR is too high what does that increase?

A

Increase risk of bleeding

23
Q

Q22 what risk is imposed on patients who are on warfarin and other anticoagulation drugs in dentistry?

A

Warfarin and anticoagulants impair clotting and consequently patients have an increased risk of bleeding during surgical procedures and postoperatively.

24
Q

Q5 which people are at increased risk for infectious endocarditis?

A

Anybody with an acquired valvular disease

25
Q

Q43 prolonged febrile (having or showing symptoms of a fever) illness is a symptom of which heart disease?

A

Infective endocarditis

26
Q

Q32 atrial septal defect is better known as hole in the heart. The hole is present between the right and left atrium. The hole causes a shunt of blood from which side?

A

The left atrium is under higher pressure which causes shunt of blood from left side of heart to the right.

27
Q

Q18 why do mechanical heart valves cause blood clots?

A

The mechanical heart valve is recognised as foreign, which increases adhesion of blood to the foreign material. The pieces of the valve are also hard, unlike the soft tissue of a natural valve. These pieces can tear blood cells are they pass through the valve.

28
Q

Q4 a person with an atrial septal defect should get antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental treatment – true or false?

A

False

29
Q

Q17 having a mechanical valve increases the risk of developing what?

A

Mechanical heart valves increase the development of blood clots, which can go on to cause heart attacks and strokes.

30
Q

Q20 what is the name of the valve replacement procedure that does not require open heart surgery?

A

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).

31
Q

Q23 If patients on warfarin who require dental surgery have an International Normalised Ratio (INR) of below 4.0, can they receive their dental treatment without needing to stop their warfarin or adjust their dose?

A

Yes, they can

32
Q

Q45 prolonged course of intravenous antibiotics for 4 weeks or more is done to treat which valvular heart disease?

A

Infective endocarditis

33
Q

Q38 failure of closure of the patent ductus arteriosus increases the risk of what?

A

Endocarditis

34
Q

Q12 one of the pathophysiology of valvular heart disease is regurgitation, describe regurgitation?

A

Regurgitation is the name given for leaking heart valves as a result of valve integrity. This results in blood flowing backwards back into the chamber.

35
Q
A
36
Q

Q13 one of the pathophysiology of valvular heart disease is stenosis, describe stenosis:

A

stenosis is when the vales do not open properly, causing narrowing of the valve leading to obstruction of flow. Leading to inadequate output and heart failure

37
Q

Q7. Valvular heart disease most commonly affects which side of the heart?

A

Left

38
Q

Q1 what is the most common cause of valvular heart disease?

A

Ageing

39
Q

Q9. What are the names of the valves in the right side of the heart?

A

Pulmonary valve and tricuspid valve

40
Q

Q46 special consideration of prophylaxis before a treatment should be considered when a patient has any?

A

Patients with any prosthetic valves

41
Q

Q37 which septal defect is part of foetal circulation and closes at birth?

A

patent ductus arteriosus

42
Q

Q40 in cyanotic heart disease which way is the shunt favoured?

A

Right to left

43
Q

Q14 medication is a method used to treat valvular heart disease, however it isn’t the most durable. What would be another option in treating valvular heart disease?

A

Open heart surgery valve replacement.

44
Q

Q19 do patients with biological valve replacement require lifelong anticoagulation?

A

No, may need short post op anticoagulation.

45
Q

Q31 what is a septum?

A

A partition separating two chambers, such as that between the nostrils or the chambers of the heart.

46
Q

Q29 endocarditis can occur spontaneously thus enforcing the importance in dentist monitoring which two oral conditions?

A

Dental caries and gingivitis

47
Q

Q24 The risk of thromboembolism after temporary withdrawal of warfarin therapy outweighs the risk of oral bleeding following dental surgery true or false?

A

True

48
Q

Q39 which congenital defect has a narrowing of the aorta at the embryonic ductus arteriosus?

A

Co-arctation of the aorta