Human disease L24: Renal disease Flashcards
does the ureter come before or after the bladder
before
if the kidney was disected, you could see the distinction between the inner and outer part of the kidneys.
what is the name of these anatomical features
cortex = outer part of kidney
medulla = inner part of kidney
where do all the collecting ducts feed in to in the kidney
renal pelvis
the formation of a “ball” of arterioles in the kidney is known as a what
glomerulus
what is the function of the bowmans capsule
Bowman’s capsule surrounds the glomerular capillary loops and participates in the filtration of blood from the glomerular capillaries.
Bowman’s capsule also has a structural function and creates a urinary space through which filtrate can enter the nephron and pass to the proximal convoluted tubule
the arterioles that come in to the glomerular capsule / bowmans capsule are called what
afferrent arterioles
what occurs at point a
water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced throughthe capillary walls and pores of the glomerular capsule into the renal tubule
what occurs at point b
tubular reabsorption
water, glucose, amino acids, and needed ions are transported out of the filtrate into the tubule cells and then enter the capillary blood
what occurs at point c
tubular secretion
H+, K+, creatine and drugs are removed from the peritubular blood and secreted by the tubule cells into the filtrate
which hormone maintains equilibrium between NaCl and H2O
Anti diuretic hormone
acid base balance is regulated by the kidneys in conjunction with the lungs.
which acid and base is excreeted
H+ = acid
HCO3 = base
is CO2 acidic or alkali in solution?
acidic
is a condition in which there is too much acid in the body fluids.
acidosis
is a condition in which there is too much base in the body fluids.
alkalosis
if we have a state of acidosis in our body what would the body do rid of the excess acid
breathe more quickly to breathe off more CO2
what triggers diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious condition that can lead to diabetic coma (passing out for a long time) or even death.
When your cells don’t get the glucose they need for energy, your body begins to burn fat for energy, which produces ketones.
ketones are acids.
what are ketones
Ketones are a type of chemical that your liver produces when it breaks down fats. Your body uses ketones for energy typically during fasting, long periods of exercise, or when you don’t have as many carbohydrates. You can have low levels of ketones in your blood without it being a problem.
what would the respiratory rate be for someone suffering from diabetic ketoacidosis
high respiratory rate
the kidney is responsible for producing hormones, what is the name of the hormone that produces red blood cells
erythropoietin
where is renin produced and what does it do?
renin is produced in the kidneys and responsible for the conversion of angiotensin to angiotensin 1.
part of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system of blood pressure control.
what is the name for this HCO3-
Bicarbonate
if you have high potassium levels due to renal failure, what can that lead to. what is the name given for having high potassium levels
high potassium levels is known as hyperkalaemia and can lead to cardiac arrest
according to mayo clinic, what is the normal range of potassium in blood
3.6 to 5.2 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) of blood
A potassium level higher than 5.5 mmol/L is critically high, and a potassium level over 6 mmol/L can be life-threatening.
is a disorder of kidney function that occurs when the kidneys cannot properly remove urea from the body, so waste from urine accumulates in the blood and another series of diseases can occur.
name the disorder
uraemia
what is a nephrologist
A nephrologist is a type of doctor that specializes in treating diseases of the kidney
the accumulation of waste products in your system, as a result of renal failure is known as what
uraemia
refers to an overall feeling of discomfort and lack of well-being. Fatigue is extreme tiredness and lack of energy or motivation for everyday activities.
what is being referred
malaise
what is the term used when you produce allot of urine
polyuria
what is the term given when producing little amount of urine
oliguria
what term is given when you produce no urine
anuria
what is present in your urine if you have haematuria
blood
what is present in your urine if you have proteinuria
protein
what is present in your urine if you have glycosuria
glucose
what is the term given if you experience pain whilst passing urine
dysuria
wat is the term given if you frequently pass urine in the night
nocturia
a normal eGFR would show a meaasurement of what
>60mls/min
if you have stage 5 kidney disease (the last stage) what percentage of your kidney is functioning
less than 15%
renail failure - acute or chronic
rapid onset
acute renal failure
renail failure - acute or chronic
gradual decline in renal function , often over years
chronic kidney disease
renail failure - acute or chronic
often medically unwell
acute renal failure
renail failure - acute or chronic
often multifactorial causes - diabtes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, reflux nephropathy, gn, obstruction of urine outflow
chronic kidney disease
renail failure - acute or chronic
acute precipitants (drugs, hypovolaemia, sepsis)
acute renal failure
renail failure - acute or chronic
gradually reducing urine output
chronic kidney disease
there are many drugs that often exacebate pre-existing renal disease - what particular type of drugs as dentist should we avoid prescribing in renal patients
avoid NSAID prescribing in renal patients - paracetamol is analgesic of choice
what is glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is damage to the tiny filters inside your kidneys (the glomeruli). It’s often caused by your immune system attacking healthy body tissue.
when undergoing dialysis you must make sure that patient is what before you start haemodialysis
they are anticoagulated
what is An arteriovenous (AV) fistula
is an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein in which blood flows directly from an artery into a vein, bypassing some capillaries
HLA matching is done before a donor stem cell or organ transplant to find out if tissues match between the donor and the person receiving the transplant.
what is HLA
Human Leukocyte Matching
can you name the oral manifestations of renal disease
xerostomia
taste disturbance
occasional burning sensation of lips and tongue
mucosal pallor - anaemia
renak bone disease: loss of lamina dura, radiolucencies, problems with bone healing post extraction.
when would be the best time to perform dental treatment on a patient undergoing dialysis
it is best to perform dental treatment day after dialysis
what must you never do on the fistual arm
do not perform venepuncture or cannulation in fistula arm
what would these drugs be used for
prednisolone
azathioprine
cyclosporin
mycophenolate
tacrolimus
immuno-suppresants
pateints who require dialysis are considered complex patients, who must you consider liaising with renal physicians
renal physicians
which of these is not a function of the kidney:
salt and water balance
acid base balance
drug excretion
hormone production
glucose homeostasis
glucose homeostasis
what are the common precipitants in acute kidney injury?
acute ilness
sepsis
hypovolaemia
shock haemorrhage
dehydration
haemodialysis is performed 3 times per week to replace renal function - true or false
true
MWF or TTS
chronic kidnet disease results in people often needing lower doses of medication - true or false?
true
drug excretion is often impaired in CKD so lower doses of drugs often required.
